SOC325 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

SOC325 - Essay Example Cultural pathways in every society are made up of everyday routines of life and the routines are made up of cultural activities like bedtime, playing video games, cooking, homework, watching TV, baby sitting for money or social visiting (Weisner & Lowe, 2004). Globalization has led to the disintegration of social communities and fragmentation of social ties. At the same time there has been enhancement in global communication and transportation which has strengthened transnational communities. Nevertheless, between Japan and Afghanistan there is income disparity which has which differently impacts families’ access to basic education and health. The Japanese society has traditionally been a collectivist society where group needs are placed over the individuals. This is changing to some degree but there is still a strong gender-based division of labor. The modern Japanese families are nuclear families and look much like an American family and this indicates a dynamic socio-cultural change at work (Bestor & Hardacre, 2004). The values have undergone a sea change which is evident from a report which says that teens that skip breakfast tend to engage in sex at a much earlier age than those who have regular breakfast (Kubota, 2008). The reason is that if the children do not have breakfast it is indicative of the disturbed family environment. Another example of fragmented social ties is the reduced birth rate in the Japanese society. Employees are now being given more free time to spend with their families and have more children in an attempt to reverse the trend of declining birth rate (Yamanaka, 2008). Although the Afghan society comprises of many ethnic groups, the characteristics remain unaltered. The family is the mainstay and there exists a closely knit bond between the members. They continue to maintain the patriarchal system of family where the oldest male member rules the house. Divorces were traditionally unheard of and

Analytical Essay About Leaders Essay Example for Free

Analytical Essay About Leaders Essay What is a leader? A leader is a person who leads or commands a group, organization, or country. There are many types of leaders. A leader can be a laissez-faire leader that lacks direct supervision and fails to provide regular feedback to those they lead, an autocrat that possesses total authority and take decisions upon their own will without consulting those who are following or even a participative leader who has the responsibility of making the final decision but greatly includes the opinions, ideas and feedback of those they lead. Leaders can also be transactional leaders who receive certain tasks to conduct and give rewards or punishments to those under them based on their performance or transformational leaders who motivate followers and increase productivity using communicative techniques and involvement in the tasks they set. Not only that, a leader also has to have some traits that correspond to their types of leadership. For example, transformational leaders have to be patient with their followers otherwise relationships can break down and the whole idea of efficiency is destroyed. Leaders need to be persuasive as well to motivate and convince their followers to believe in an idea or their ability to do a task which they hesitate to do or think they are unable to. As seen in history and many novels, leaders lead differently than other leaders as ideas, methods and perceptions of perfection differ between them. For example, the ideas and methods used by Queen Elizabeth the First differed from those used by Sampath Chawla from the novel entitled ‘Hullabaloo in the Guava Orchard’ written by Kiran Desai as well as Mark Antony from the play entitled ‘The tragedy of Julius Caesar’ written by the famous William Shakespeare. The three of them all differed in how they led their followers and using which ideas to do so. Despite differing in many aspects, they all shared some common traits that are the bases of leadership. In ‘The Tragedy of Julius Caesar’, some conspirators had killed the almost roman emperor, Julius Caesar. They did so, giving the false reason that they wanted to rid him of the fear or worry of death. Mark Antony, using persuasive techniques, managed to change the mindsets of the public who believed in the conspirators’ reason into believing that Caesar was a good man and had no bad intentions, which is what the conspirators thought. Mark Antony uses persuasive techniques like repetition, false intentions and sophistry. He uses these in his speech at Caesar’s burial to convince the crowd into believing his ideas by first commending Brutus on how honorable he is but then repeating how honorable he is to make the crowd question their faith in Brutus. He also says that he did not arrive to praise Caesar but to bury him which is exactly the opposite of what he wanted to do. Another false intention was that he did not want to disprove Brutus which is exactly what he did by using appropriate facts. Lastly, his speech was sophisticated and so led the crowd to believing that he was superior to Brutus which cemented his gaining the crowd’s support. In ‘Hullabaloo in the Guava Orchard’, the main character, Sampath, is a leader later on in the novel after losing his job at the post office where he reads every letter that passes him. He becomes a sort of spiritual leader as he passes on some of the knowledge, both useful and downright senseless, to those who believe he is one. He manages to convince the people who come to him for advice, as he seemingly has an answer that seems meaningful and wise, using persuasive techniques that include loaded language and glittering generalities. An example of the responses he gives to people is when someone asked him if anyone could comprehend all there is to know about god to which Sampath replied ‘‘ Once you have broken the bottle you can no longer distinguish the air inside from the air outside’’ This represents the colorful and loaded language Sampath represents as well as his ability to confuse and manipulate people into thinking meaningless sentences like these have greater meaning and that is the reason they cannot understand. He is also a leader because he represents a symbol of knowledge and religious importance and this gives people something to look forward to, believe in and rely upon. Queen Elizabeth the First was a leader as well when she ruled over England in 1588. She was brave, intelligent, caring and because of this, loved by the people. At this time, England was about to go to war with Spain. The units in concern were the naval fleets of both nations that were about to engage in combat. The Spanish fleet, nicknamed the Spanish Armada, were in comparison to the English fleet, bigger, stronger and heavily armored and this caused the soldiers to doubt their own ability to win and caused large bouts of cowardice. Despite this, the English fleet came out victorious. Queen Elizabeth, on the eve of the Spanish Armada, gave a powerful speech that motivated her soldiers and showed her love and respect for the country. She used persuasive techniques like bandwagon appeal to bring out the desire to belong in the soldiers, rewards that gave incentive to the soldiers to fight, win and return, loaded language to appeal to her audience, a tone of self-assurance to show that she knows the position of power she is in and how she is not threatened by anything on the outside and lastly, the most powerful technique she used was to keep using the word ‘we’ to show how they are all united and how she was willing to give up everything for the nation. This inspired the confidence needed to win the battle. A leader is a person who leads or commands a group, organization, or country. This is what all three leaders have shown, the ability to lead. They have shown this in their own ways and with their own ideas. They all share this common trait as well as being persuasive and adapting intelligently to fit the situation. That is the basic leadership trait that all successful leaders throughout history have shown and that is all that is needed in order to be a successful leader.

The Heart is a Lonely Hunter Essay -- Essays Papers

The Heart is a Lonely Hunter The Heart is a Lonely Hunter by Carson McCullers is a novel that takes place in a small southern town during the times of pre-World War II, the late 1930's. McCuller's main characters are misfits, lonely and rejected. They are all looking for a place in the world. The most tragic of the characters is a deaf-mute named John Singer. Singer's life basically revolves around his one and only friend Spiros Antonapoulos, who is also a deaf-mute. Singer "tells" Antonapoulos everything he is thinking or feeling and it seems as though Antonapoulos is interested in everything but what Singer has to say. Antonapoulos only communicates with Singer when he is hungry or sleepy. Singer just assumes he is listening and understanding everything he says. They lived this...

Readings on Sexuality and Racism :: Sexuality Sex Racism Racist Essays

Readings on Sexuality As I begun to read chapter four I thought that it would be one of the most interesting and informative for me. The further I got in to the reading I realized I couldn’t relate too much of what was said. The first concept I chose was a basic for the chapter, sexuality is not instinctive but learned from our families, our peers, sex education in school, popular culture, negotiations with partners, and listening to our own bodies. I have never thought about my sexuality in that way. As I read I was asking myself, where did I learn to be so sexual, where did it come from? I never realized what I had learned along the way or who from. The second concept I found interesting was that of the word â€Å"vagina.† As the book has said, for many women the word vagina is associated with shame, embarrassment, and silencing, even violation. As I remember I saw a version of The Vagina Monologues at Portland State a few years back and as comfortable as I thought I was with my gender and sexuality I did feel embarrassed. I felt a little ashamed, but as the production went on I found it entertaining. I grew more and more comfortable as the play went on. I also found interesting V-Day College Initiative, a nationwide project to celebrate women and oppose sexual violence. I have never heard of this â€Å"V-Day,† a day for women to come together. One fact I found very interesting was that of the law passed in the state of Alabama on the ban on the sale or distribution of vibrators and other â€Å"devices designed or marketed as primarily useful for the stimulation of human genital organs.† Politics, religion, and other social institutions put limitations on women’s sexuality and sexual expression. It’s not fair for old men passing these laws to tell me what I can and cannot do with my own body; it disgusts me and it hard to think that it still happens today. The third concept happens to be a definition that struck me as interesting, virgin. The word virgin did not originally mean a woman whose vagina was untouched by any penis, but a free woman, one not married, not bound to, not possessed by any man. A woman who is sexually and socially her own person. Why has that definition changed into something held to such high standards?

Neonatal Ethics Essay

In this paper, I have described all sides of neonatal ethics and have presented my view regarding the topic. I have also managed to integrate philosophical and historical perspectives regarding neonatal care and ethics. In the end, I have given my personal opinion concerning the solution of the issues at stake. The ethical debate regarding the proper care of severely unwell infants is one of the oldest debates in medical sciences. In the present times, approaches that are extremely unusual have been taken to decide about the care of such newborns. This is the reason why it is exceedingly important to analyze the ethical concepts and arguments about many issues concerning the neonatal medicine. Such ethical debates revolve around â€Å"the value of human life; the role of best interests; the deliberate ending of life; and the withholding and withdrawing of treatment† (Brazier). It is a known fact that mankind has been facing ethical concerns since the dawn of civilization. As far as clinical situations are concerned, physicians also face ethical questions on a regular basis regarding one case or the other. However, those involved in neonatal care face a lot of ethical controversies. It is not an untold secret that ethical and moral issues regarding the treatment of neonates have penetrated into a number of features of such cases (Pueschel). When the newborns are within the first 28 days of their lives, they are known as neonates. As far as neonatal intensive care units are concerned, they frequently accommodate and look after for babies who fall in any of the three categories i. e. babies born premature having birth weight that is very low, babies born after nine months (full-term babies) having severe conditions or babies born with inherited abnormalities (â€Å"Bioethical Issues – Neonatal Ethics†). However tremendous changes have taken place in the modern times and it is now more than five decades that â€Å"neonatal medicine has been practiced to provide specialized and intensive care measures aimed at improving the health and survival of premature and critically ill newborns† (Carter). In the contemporary world, the ethical issues generally revolve around the decision making for the betterment of neonates. Such decisions entail the consideration and evaluation of treatment and assessing whether it would be helpful or ineffective for the wellbeing of the little individual. Thus both short-term and long-term scenarios related to the health of the child are considered while taking any certain decision. The two issues that are of main concern in the process of decision making are the likelihood to survive therapeutic/remedial involvement and the quality of life in the future. It is important here to mention the most renowned case of neonatal decision-making regarding Baby Doe. The child was born with Down’s syndrome and a tracheal-esophageal fistula in 1982. The parents opted for the hard choice and agreed to not repair the fistula with surgical intervention. They decided so because it was in the best interest of the child. They did not want their child to continue living a depended and quality-lacking life given by Down’s syndrome. In the end, starvation ultimately took Baby Doe’s life (â€Å"Bioethical Issues – Neonatal Ethics†). When neonatal context is discussed, decision making in this regard is rather multifaceted and difficult. The parents of seriously ill neonates have to consult with the care providers and in most of the cases, have to make decisions concerning the newborns’ life-and-death treatment. It is too difficult to decide about the fate of a child who is being awaited for so long. At the same time as it is burdensome for parents to decide the outcome of their child’s life, parents are put in a difficult position to decide so with no clear decision-making process. As a consequence, parents are often given assistance by providers and make illogical, stress-laden and uninformed choices that are not based on systematic analysis but on intuition. As a matter of fact, majority of the opted methods do â€Å"correspond with what is in the best interests of their newborn† (Panicola 723). On the other hand, in few cases, the decisions made by parents result in non-treatment decisions for babies who must be given a chance for survival and treatment decisions for neonates who must not be given a chance to survive due to their extremely poor physical condition (Panicola 723). There may be mandatory, elective or ineffective treatment based on the neonatal cases’ unique aspects. However, the physicians and parents decide to continue with a particular kind of treatment after observing the prognosis of a newborn. If the prognosis looks good, they eventually decide for medical intervention necessary to keep the newborn alive. On the other hand, there are a number of cases where parents refuse to involve medical intercession for the treatment of their child. In such occasional circumstances, hospitals take the help of their ethicists for seeking a court order so that the decisions of the parents may be made ineffective and treatment can be initiated for the betterment of the newborn. The situation turns out to be more notorious when there is no adequate knowledge regarding the prognosis of a neonate and the parents are given the choice to discuss their options about the treatment with the physician (â€Å"Bioethical Issues – Neonatal Ethics†). Thus, it is when bioethics comes into scene that deals with the limitations, commitments and responsibilities of all the people who are a major part of the decision-making progress. As a final point, there are also a number of cases when medical intervention is considered pointless and unsuccessful, nevertheless the doctors and parents insist to treat the newborn. In such circumstances, treatment is regarded as tremendously troublesome and tentative thereby pointing out that there are small chances of surviving treatment with quality of life in the least. As far as bioethics evaluation is concerned, it considers the patient rights, parental rights and physician duties and responsibilities (â€Å"Bioethical Issues – Neonatal Ethics†). It is important to mention here that in the last four to five decades, there has been a momentous development in the technology, skills and medicinal/therapeutic interventions in the neonatal intensive care unit (â€Å"Bioethical Issues – Neonatal Ethics†). Also, technical capabilities have been improved drastically allowing more speedy and accurate diagnosis, efficient scrutiny and supervision and unambiguous treatment. Special-care nursery beds are now available in large numbers and the number of important people including the professionals and specialists has also increased for the successful treatment of God’s susceptible population (Carter). Although such a notable development in neonatal care has brought up stories of joy and miraculous recovery of the newborn, there have been depressing and painful stories where the newborns ended up with severe disabilities (â€Å"Bioethical Issues – Neonatal Ethics†). As a consequence, bioethics can be helpful and facilitate both physicians and parents in solving issues related to the â€Å"regulation on use of experimental technological developments and by providing guidance in controversial situations† (â€Å"Bioethical Issues – Neonatal Ethics†). If the pages of the past are turned, it is rather obvious that the percentage of premature babies who managed to survive was very low. However, in the last three decades, the advancements in technologies and medical developments at the beginning of life have totally revolutionized the likability of babies’ survival that born before 28 weeks of gestation. In the current times, it has been recorded that in developed countries like United Kingdom, more than eighty percent pre-mature babies manage to survive and a good number of the little creatures even survive at gestation period of just twenty-three weeks. Such advancements and developments are rather exciting. However, at the same time, concerns have raised regarding the human and financial cost of such progressions in the care of neonates. According to the research, more or less twenty percent of the survivors who were born extremely premature have ninety-nine percent chances of having disabilities like cerebral palsy. A majority of such survivors are also likely to be challenged with academic and behavioral problems once they are in schools (Wyatt 1). Therefore, a lot of people are concerned whether attempts to save the life of such weak neonates is a sensible utilization of resources or not. Another contradiction in this regard is that even as huge investments are made for making it possible for a newborn to survive, the abortion of fetuses is also tolerated for social reasons. Thus, as far as ethical dilemmas are concerned, they are not only raised by the premature babies but also by babies who have grave complicated congenital malformations at the time of birth. These malformations may be in heart, nervous system, brain, lungs etc. Thus, the ethical concerns regarding neonatal care is that whether such babies must be treated or medical intervention be withheld? (Wyatt 1). As far as the historical perspective and philosophies regarding the issue of neonatal care is concerned, a number of different societies all over the world have considered newborn babies as being less valuable when compared with the adults. In Greek and Roman societies, infanticide i. e. the deliberate killings of newborns and the exposure of infants was a practice that was acknowledged commonly and practiced far and wide. As the mentioned societies characterized themselves for athleticism, power and strength so it was not a surprising thing that those people looked down on and hated babies who were weak, dependent and immature. Thus, an individual child was given importance on the basis of his likable future contributions to the society as a mature adult. Regrettably, no rules and regulations and laws were there that prohibited people from murdering the helpless and ill babies. Sorry to say, in some cases, even the newborn babies who were in good physical health did not have protection by social custom or lawful decrees. It is a bitter reality that killing of malformed babies was considered important for the maintenance of the quality of the civilians. Similar practices were also common in some parts of the Eastern world (Wyatt 1). As far as the secular perspective in this regard is concerned, a number of contemporary philosophers today have accepted the fact that unwanted babies were killed or allowed to die and it was not an abnormal practice in many of the societies in the historical times and societies. It is also claimed that even today people do not consider the murdering of unwanted babies as unethical and this is evident from the fact that prenatal diagnosis and abortion for fetal abnormality is now accepted by a lot of people and societies. Thus, this acceptance crystal clearly demonstrates that even the modern societies of today value the life of a child on his/her physical strength and healthiness and his/her prospected future contributions as an adult citizen for the society (Wyatt 2). Neonatal care raises a number of ethical issues including the deserving neonates who must be given prenatal and neonatal specialty care, the person/group responsible for paying for the care, whether neonatal intensive care costs are acceptable or not, the assurance and equitable distribution of the care, whether babies require intensive care or not, the burdensome consequences of neonatal intensive care, the decision-maker and on what basis decisions are made. These mentioned issues create dilemmas for the healthcare professionals as they obstruct the process of provision of neonatal intensive care. To some extent, these ethical issues concerning neonatal care throw light on the values of the healthcare professions, patients, parents and families. It is important to mention that that these issues are not to be ignores as the failure to acknowledge them may devalue the cultural influences that may shape up a society and human interactions. As already mentioned, neonatal medicinal advancements have provided more options to the physicians and parents. However, what must be done is still a complex decision for them as risks of deaths and disabilities have also increased. This ethical issue has been the factor of conflict between parents and doctors and in a number of cases; guidance was required through courts (Laurance 42). The research suggests that neonates must not be given medical aid and be allowed to breathe their last â€Å"when the struggle to save them results in â€Å"intolerable† suffering that outweighs the baby’s interest in continuing to live† (Laurance 42). As far as my opinion is concerned, I believe that it is the obligation of a doctor to preserve the life of a human being wherever and whenever possible. As far as neonates are concerned, these babies always have a chance to survive in the future and there have been cases when extremely premature babies were enabled to live a full life. One of the most encouraging aspects in this regard is that in the last decade, the rate of survival of exceedingly weak babies has more or less doubled. I strongly believe that the physicians and parents/guardians must not attempt to do anything that may put a stop to the continued existence of a little one simply for the reason that he/she won’t be a healthy and contributing adult in the future due to his unhealthy severe physical condition (Laurance 42). However, it is unfortunate that all the answers of the mentioned dilemmas are rather difficult as there is always a clash between values conflict and principles of morality. In addition to this, it is also not easy to agree upon a consistent situation where beneficence can be chosen over autonomy and vice versa. A majority of people hold on to both the sides of the conflict i. e. â€Å"the respect for persons principle and to the principle of beneficence† that helps them to decide about the particular actions that may result in the best consequences for the patient and the family. Unfortunately, there is no special recipe that may facilitate the involved people to decide about what is the best thing to do in situations when there is a conflict between these principles. This is also not fair to stick to one decision and disregard the other options. Thus, the best thing that can be done by a decision maker in the occurrence of such conflicts is to do a deep analysis of the situation in the most cautious manner and try to identify the values at risk and all people who may be affected by the outcomes of the decision. For sure, the patient’s interests must be the top priority before the interests of others involved (Macklin). To cut a long story short, it is better not to utilize the neonatal intensive care â€Å"when the death of the baby can only be postponed temporarily, at the price of severe suffering, or when survival is associated with severe disabilities and an intolerable life for the child and the family† (Orzalesi). This is because in some unique circumstances, the best alternative for the betterment of the child is to withhold or withdraw intensive treatment.

Biography of Robert Mugabe, President of Zimbabwe

Biography of Robert Mugabe, President of Zimbabwe Robert Mugabe has been the president of Zimbabwe since 1987. He attained his job after leading bloody guerrilla warfare against the white colonial rulers of what was then Rhodesia. Birthdate Feb. 21, 1924, near Kutama, northeast of Salisbury (now Harare, the capital of Zimbabwe), in what was then Rhodesia. Mugabe quipped in 2005 that he would remain president until he was a century old. Personal life Mugabe was married to Ghanian national Sally Hayfron, a teacher and political activist, in 1961. They had one son, Nhamodzenyika, who died during childhood. She died of kidney failure in 1992. In 1996, Mugabe married his onetime secretary, Grace Marufu, who is more than four decades younger than Mugabe, and with whom he had two children while his wife Sallys health was failing. Mugabe and Grace have three children: Bona, Robert Peter Jr., and Bellarmine Chatunga. Political affiliation Mugabe leads the Zimbabwe African National Union – Patriotic Front, a socialist party founded in 1987. Mugabe and his party are also heavily nationalist with left-wing ideology, favoring land seizures from white Zimbabweans while claiming that doing so counters the nations imperialist past. Career Mugabe holds seven degrees from South Africas Fort Hare University. In 1963 he was secretary general of the Maoist Zimbabwe African National Union. In 1964, he was sentenced to 10 years in prison for subversive speech against the Rhodesian government. Once released, he fled to Mozambique to launch a guerrilla war for independence. He returned to Rhodesia 1979 and became prime minister in 1980; the next month, the newly independent country was renamed Zimbabwe. Mugabe assumed the presidency in 1987, with the prime minister role being abolished. Under his rule, annual inflation has soared to 100,000%. Future Mugabe has faced probably the strongest, most organized opposition in the Movement for Democratic Change. He accuses the MDC of being Western-backed, using this as an excuse to persecute MDC members and order the arbitrary arrest of and violence against supporters. Instead of striking terror into the citizenry, this could further galvanize opposition against his iron-fisted rule. Action from neighboring South Africa, deluged by Zimbabwean refugees, or world bodies could also pressure Mugabe, who relies on the war veterans militia to help him keep his grip on power. Quote Our party must continue to strike fear in the heart of the white man, our real enemy! - Mugabe in the Irish Times, Dec. 15, 2000

Microwave Radiation Definition

Microwave Radiation Definition Microwave radiation is a type of electromagnetic radiation. The prefix micro- in microwaves doesnt mean microwaves have micrometer wavelengths, but rather that microwaves have very small wavelengths compared with traditional radio waves (1 mm to 100,000 km wavelengths). In the electromagnetic spectrum, microwaves fall between infrared radiation and radio waves. Frequencies Microwave radiation has a frequency between 300 MHz and 300 GHz (1 GHz to 100 GHz in radio engineering) or a wavelength ranging from 0.1 cm to 100 cm. The range includes the SHF (super high frequency), UHF (ultra high frequency) and EHF (extremely high frequency or millimeter waves) radio bands. While lower frequency radio waves can follow the contours of the Earth and bounce off layers in the atmosphere, microwaves only travel line-of-sight, typically limited to 30-40 miles on the Earths surface. Another important property of microwave radiation is that its absorbed by moisture. A phenomenon called rain fade occurs at the high end of the microwave band. Past 100 GHz, other gases in the atmosphere absorb the energy, making air opaque in the microwave range, although transparent in the visible and infrared region. Band Designations Because microwave radiation encompasses such a broad wavelength/frequency range, it is subdivided into IEEE, NATO, EU or other radar band designations: Band Designation Frequency Wavelength Uses L band 1 to 2 GHz 15 to 30 cm amateur radio, mobile phones, GPS, telemetry S band 2 to 4 GHz 7.5 to 15 cm radio astronomy, weather radar, microwave ovens, Bluetooth, some communication satellites, amateur radio, cell phones C band 4 to 8 GHz 3.75 to 7.5 cm long-distance radio X band 8 to 12 GHz 25 to 37.5 mm satellite communications, terrestrial broadband, space communications, amateur radio, spectroscopy Ku band 12 to 18 GHz 16.7 to 25 mm satellite communications, spectroscopy K band 18 to 26.5 GHz 11.3 to 16.7 mm satellite communications, spectroscopy, automotive radar, astronomy Ka band 26.5 to 40 GHz 5.0 to 11.3 mm satellite communications, spectroscopy Q band 33 to 50 GHz 6.0 to 9.0 mm automotive radar, molecular rotational spectroscopy, terrestrial microwave communication, radio astronomy, satellite communications U band 40 to 60 GHz 5.0 to 7.5 mm V band 50 to 75 GHz 4.0 to 6.0 mm molecular rotational spectroscopy, millimeter wave research W band 75 to 100 GHz 2.7 to 4.0 mm radar targeting and tracking, automotive radar, satellite communication F band 90 to 140 GHz 2.1 to 3.3 mm SHF, radio astronomy, most radars, satellite tv, wireless LAN D band 110 to 170 GHz 1.8 to 2.7 mm EHF, microwave relays, energy weapons, millimeter wave scanners, remote sensing, amateur radio, radio astronomy Uses Microwaves are used primarily for communications, include analog and digital voice, data, and video transmissions. They are also used for radar (RAdio Detection and Ranging) for weather tracking, radar speed guns, and air traffic control. Radio telescopes use large dish antennas to determine distances, map surfaces, and study radio signatures from planets, nebulas, stars, and galaxies. Microwaves are used to transmit thermal energy to heat food and other materials. Sources Cosmic microwave background radiation is a natural source of microwaves. The radiation is studied to help scientists understand the Big Bang. Stars, including the Sun, are natural microwave sources. Under the right conditions, atoms and molecules can emit microwaves. Man-made sources of microwaves include microwave ovens, masers, circuits, communication transmission towers, and radar. Either solid state devices or special vacuum tubes may be used to produce microwaves. Examples of solid-state devices include masers (essentially lasers where the light is in the microwave range), Gunn diodes, field-effect transistors, and IMPATT diodes. The vacuum tube generators use  electromagnetic fields to direct electrons in a density-modulated mode, where groups of electrons pass through the device rather than a stream. These devices include the klystron, gyrotron, and magnetron. Health Effects Microwave radiation is called radiation because it radiates outward and not because its either radioactive or ionizing in nature. Low levels of microwave radiation are not known to produce adverse health effects. However, some studies indicate long-term exposure may act as a carcinogen. Microwave exposure can cause cataracts, as dielectric heating denatures proteins in the eyes lens, turning it milky. While all tissues are susceptible to heating, the eye is particularly vulnerable because it doesnt have blood vessels to modulate temperature. Microwave radiation is associated with the microwave auditory effect, in which microwave exposure produces buzzing sounds and clicks. This is caused by thermal expansion within the inner ear. Microwave burns can occur in deeper tissue- not just on the surface- because microwaves are more readily absorbed by tissue that contains a lot of water. However, lower levels of exposure produce heat without burns. This effect may be used for a variety of purposes. The United States military uses millimeter waves to repel targeted persons with uncomfortable heat. As another example, in 1955, James Lovelock reanimated frozen rats using microwave diathermy.   Reference Andjus, R.K.; Lovelock, J.E. (1955). Reanimation of rats from body temperatures between 0 and 1  °C by microwave diathermy. The Journal of Physiology. 128 (3): 541–546.

Qué pasa al quedarse en EE.UU. más tiempo que permitido

Quà © pasa al quedarse en EE.UU. ms tiempo que permitido Los turistas extranjeros pueden visitar Estados Unidos con una visa en vlida, o incluso, sin visado si pertenecen a un grupo selecto de paà ­ses que pertenecen al Programa de Exencià ³n de Visados, pero deben salir del paà ­s antes de que expire el tiempo autorizado para permanecer en el mismo. Los tiempos que se puede quedar un turista depende del tipo de documento que se utilice para ingresar y, si se ingresa con visa, incluso de las condiciones de su titular. En el documento que se conoce como I-94 registro de entrada y salida, puede verificarse exactamente por cunto tiempo se est autorizado a permanecer en EE.UU. Ahora es un documento digital que puede consultarse en internet en la pgina oficial de la CBP. Si se ingresà ³ sin visa, el tiempo mximo de permanencia es de 90 dà ­as. Con independencia de si se ingresà ³ a EE.UU. con visa de turista o sin ella por ser de un paà ­s del Programa de Exencià ³n de visados, todos sufren las mismas consecuencias si se permanecen en el paà ­s ms all del tiempo autorizado. En este artà ­culo se explican cules son esas consecuencias y por quà © se debe evitar intentar hacer trampa con el tiempo de permanencia. Consecuencias de quedarse en EE.UU. ms tiempo del permitido Desde el punto de vista migratorio los turistas que exceden el nà ºmero de dà ­as de estancia permitida se convierten en indocumentados. A partir de ahà ­ si entran en contacto con una autoridad migratoria pueden ser expulsados inmediatamente o deportados, dependiendo del caso de cada uno. Aunque existen posibilidades de legalizarse (regularizar la situacià ³n), en realidad tampoco hay tantas y los requisitos son estrictos. Por esta razà ³n, lo mejor siempre es salir del paà ­s dentro de plazo o pedir con tiempo una extensià ³n o un cambio de visa. En este punto destacar que los turistas que entraron sin visado no pueden hacer ni una cosa ni otra, para ellos sà ³lo cabe la opcià ³n de salir de Estados Unidos. Adems, deben hacerlo dentro de los 90 dà ­as siguientes al dà ­a de ingreso. Por ello, antes de decidir quedar en Estados Unidos en situacià ³n de indocumentado, consultar con un abogado de inmigracià ³n y entender muy bien todos los problemas que pueden surgir.   En casos muy excepcionales, en los que se permanece en Estados Unidos ms tiempo que el autorizado en la visa es posible  solicitar y obtener una restauracià ³n de estatus. Esto es lo que se conoce como Nunc Pro Tunc para casos en los que no se solicità ³ a tiempo la extensià ³n o un cambio de visa. Otra consecuencia de quedarse ms tiempo del permitido es que la visa de turista se cancela. Tener en consideracià ³n que el titular no es notificado de este hecho. Se entera cuando intenta ingresar a EEUU en el siguiente viaje y no se le permite. En el caso de haber ingresado a EE.UU. sin visa, se pierde ese derecho. A partir de ese momento es necesario pedir al consulado una visa de turista si se quiere regresar a Estados Unidos y la aprobacià ³n de la misma no est asegurada. Adems, tanto si se entrà ³ con visa o sin ella, haber estado ilegalmente es causa de inadmisibilidad y si se ha estado ms de 180 dà ­as ilegalmente en el paà ­s y despuà ©s se sale de Estados Unidos, aplica el castigo de los tres y de los diez aà ±os, con algunas pocas excepciones. Es cierto que para solicitar una visa no inmigrante, como es la de turista, estudiante, intercambio, inversià ³n, etc., es posible solicitar un perdà ³n por la penalidad de los 3 o de los 10 aà ±os, pero no se aprueba frecuentemente. E incluso en los casos en los que ya ha transcurrido el tiempo del castigo puede resultar difà ­cil que el oficial consular apruebe una nueva visa puesto que se plantà ³ ya la duda sobre las intenciones del solicitante.   Eso no quiere decir que resulte imposible obtenerla. Pero sà ­ que se va a mirar con gran detenimiento la aplicacià ³n. Error grave a evitar El sistema informtico de las aduanas de EEUU es, en estos momentos, muy completo. No es como antes. Todas las personas que dan por perdido el pasaporte, piden a sus embajadas unos salvoconductos y una vez que estn de regreso en sus paà ­ses solicitan un pasaporte nuevo y la visa americana estn cometiendo un error.   Eso podà ­a pasar en algunos casos hace aà ±os. Ahora ya no. Queda registrado que no se salià ³ a tiempo. Es este punto es de interà ©s conocer  quà © informacià ³n tienen en el control migratorio de la aduana americana. Los oficiales de migracià ³n, control de paso migratorio y de los consulados de Estados Unidos no tiene que probar nada. Es la persona interesada la que tiene que demostrar, en caso de duda, que efectivamente se salià ³ a tiempo. Al oficial consular o al inspector de aduanas les basta con tener la sospecha para negar la visa o la entrada. Puntos clave a tener en cuenta Quedarse ms tiempo del permitido conlleva convertirse en indocumentadoLa visa se cancela o se pierde el derecho a viajar sin visa como turistaPuede aplicar el castigo de los 3 y de los 10 aà ±os. Este artà ­culo tienen una finalidad meramente informativa.

The Electronic Frontier Foundation Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The Electronic Frontier Foundation - Assignment Example Unsecure connections could provide opportunity for hackers and malware to tap on important personal information hence compromising on personal privacy. Secondly, use of authorized software on digital devices provides some level of assurance that personal information is not jeopardized. Most authorized software vendors have their policies checked by digital regulatory bodies. However, unauthorized vendors may have policies compromising personal privacy. Considering the use of cookies to check on user behavior, there is need to activate cookie notices in web browsers. As an additional buffer, it is important to delete cookies as often as possible especially after heavy browsing (â€Å"Electronic Frontier Foundation† web). This ensures that very few websites can tap on browsing activity. Emails have become a core tenet of internet use with most websites requiring an email for registration. It is therefore important to use anonymous emails for registering on less important websites. Emails used to register on payment platforms such as PayPal should be used minimally on other websites. On a different note, it is important to remain discrete with personal information especially when using social media platforms. As a precaution, it is always careful not to share personal information with strangers. â€Å"Electronic Frontier Foundation.† EFFs Top 12 Ways to Protect Your Online Privacy. Electronic Frontier Foundation. 2002. Web 09 Feb. 2015.

Cardiology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Cardiology - Essay Example He has shortness of breath, and the test pains are much worse. He is diagnosed with hyperlipidemia, hypertension, a smoker, obese, blood pressure and has uncontrollable diabetes, and can easily be attacked by a cardiovascular attack (MAYO, 2015). The patient needs to change his lifestyle, eat healthy foods with low fats and salts, and beverages with less sugar. He can increase the intake of food and beverages with high calcium, magnesium, protein, and magnesium. Maintaining healthy weight, quitting smoking and exercising not less than 30 minutes a day on most days a week can help prevent cardiovascular diseases. Also manage stress, practice good hygiene and learn how to deal with depression (Jackson, 2009; & CDC, 2013). In conclusion, cardiovascular disease can cause death, and the system needs to be taken care of. Care through exercises, reducing the intake of sugar, salt and fats and change of lifestyle can effectively reduce the occurrence of cardiovascular diseases. Also, the patient needs to explain in details of his or her illness for the right prescription of medication. In extreme cases, rehabilitation is provided to reduce emotional stress (WHO, 2007). http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions Clinic Staff, M. (2015, January 1). Heart disease. Retrieved March 11, 2015, from http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/heart-disease/basics/symptoms/con-20034056

Hinduism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Hinduism - Essay Example As for me, it is more than that, it should be a way of life for everyone including me and incorporated in every aspect in my life too. I believe in Hinduism as my spiritual healer and my way of living life. I belong to a Hindu family, and I am a follower of Lord Hanuman and Lord Krishna. I am not a Hindu just because my ancestral religion is Hinduism, but I have developed strong faith in its teachings and values. My family had always stressed on the importance of understanding the religious values and beliefs by reading the scriptures in order to get an in-depth and accurate knowledge. They have been the guiding force behind my perfect faith in Hinduism ideology. After a lot of research and thorough understanding, now my psychological roots are deeply attached to Hindu philosophy I chose not only to abide by the values which Hinduism incorporates but also would want to share the knowledge I have gained with as many people as possible. This paper is an attempt to provide all the important information on the birth and evolution of Hinduism and its salient features. Hinduism could be broadly described as a religion, culture and way of life. There is no specific timeline information about the origin of Hindu traditions. It can be said that it is a cumulative collection of communities, faith, beliefs and practices that have come together over the centuries. Its ancient roots are seen in the cultures of the Indus Valley, Saraswati River civilization and Indo-European people. Local traditions of these civilizations have entered Hinduism through the process of â€Å"Sanskritization,† whereby a regional deity becomes identified with pan-Indian gods and Brahmanization, the adoption of high-caste rituals by many communities (Narayanan). The stages of early Hindu history are marked not by remarkable personalities but by the composition of philosophically sophisticated and entertaining texts that were transmitted orally and through the generations primarily

Contact Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Contact - Assignment Example Fitlife's quoted prices are based on the approved date of send out, and apply all through the period of contract, unless otherwise put forward. Packing, carriage, Sales Tax (where applicable) dues taxes, or other charges are extra to the quoted price and payable by the Customer whether or it exists at the date of quotation or contract, unless otherwise agreed in writing. Quotations in currencies other than Australian dollars, are subject to disparity in price based on variation between the exchange rate appropriate at the date of quotation and that appropriate at the date of payment(http://www.Universitypaton. com.au/pdfs/tandc.pdf, retrieved 17 September 2009). (b) Liability for GST (payable in respect of any taxable supply) is extra. It has to be paid by the buyer to the Company when the price and other moneys are payable(http://www. universitypaton.com.au/pdfs/tandc.pdf, retrieved 17 September 2009). the securing and/or shipment or delivery of the goods to the buyer is forestalled or held up by any reason outside our control the delivery and/or shipment shall be extended accordingly(http://www. universitypaton.com.au/pdfs/tandc.pdf, retrieved 17 September 2009). Since the Company is not the producer of the goods it does not give any guarantee with regard to the quality and does not accept any liability in respect of any blemish in or failure of the goods supplied. The purchaser assumes the guarantee of the manufacture which is the only guarantee given to the buyer in respect of the goods. The Company accords to allocate to the buyer on demand the advantage of any warranty or right to the goods that the manufacturer has contracted to the Company(http://www. universitypaton.com.au/pdfs/tandc.pdf, retrieved 17 September 2009). References: http://www. universitypaton.com.au/pdfs/tandc.pdf, retrieved 17 September 2009. http://www.advancedfit.com.au/page/terms_conditions.html retrieved 17 Sept

Human Resource Management in China. Performance Appraisal Dissertation

Human Resource Management in China. Performance Appraisal - Dissertation Example Edvinsson’s explication of intellectual capital in his book signifies the importance of human resource management to an elevated extent. Human resource is one of the most fundamental and important function for the development of an organization. The workforce of an enterprise plays the most crucial role for the firm to thrive in the market in a successful and appropriate manner. The goals and objectives of an organization are intrinsically dependent upon the efficiency of its employed individuals. This task comes under the shadow of the human resource management which is required to operate in the most appropriate manner for the corporation in any industry (Price, 2011). The most successful business corporations in the west tend to put immense attention upon the operating workforce to remain the best in business. The dependency of an organization in order to attain the aims is the most upon human resource management because the efficiency or deficiency of the employees directl y affects the finance of organization. Human resource management as being an essential and vital element of any business corporation fundamentally deals with the employment of individuals that is recruitment and selection of candidates to be added into the workforce in the most suitable manner (Sims, 2006). In addition to enlarging or replacing the work team, it also deals with the training and development of recruited employees by which the organizational development is directly associated. With all of the other responsibilities of human resource management, there is critically a significant task which human resource management is responsible for. This task is related to the performance of employed individuals in concordance with the aims, objectives and regulations of the organization. The reason for this task being critical for any organization and its human resource management is the fact that the performance of employees directly affects the performance of the organization in t he market (Price, 2011). Human resource management is one of the most authoritative departments in the organizational management because it deals with the hiring and firing of employees on the basis of their performance in the work force (Sims, 2006). The most visible and clear way to deal with a low performing employee is to fire that individual from the workforce and recruit the better individual in the team on the basis of his skills and capabilities. The performance of employee is directly associated to the revenue that is generated by any organization. If the human resource of a company works efficiently and appropriately then the revenues of certain company is necessarily going to be increased and vice versa. In industry from aviation to food industry, the human resource management plays a vital role regarding the graph of performance of the work force on individual as well as on the group level. The firing and hiring of employees is strictly dependent upon the performance of individuals which is assured by the human resource department to any firm (Price, 2011). Employees’ Performance and Corporations Corporations are formed with certain business objectives underlying every official activity of that corporation. The most important and certain objective which each business firm decides is the maximum generation of revenue and making the maximum profit out of its capital and resources. From production to service providence and from apparel to food chains, every business organizational dealings are fundamentally dependent upon these two objectives. In all of the resources of a company in any industry, the hum

Contact Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Contact - Assignment Example Fitlife's quoted prices are based on the approved date of send out, and apply all through the period of contract, unless otherwise put forward. Packing, carriage, Sales Tax (where applicable) dues taxes, or other charges are extra to the quoted price and payable by the Customer whether or it exists at the date of quotation or contract, unless otherwise agreed in writing. Quotations in currencies other than Australian dollars, are subject to disparity in price based on variation between the exchange rate appropriate at the date of quotation and that appropriate at the date of payment(http://www.Universitypaton. com.au/pdfs/tandc.pdf, retrieved 17 September 2009). (b) Liability for GST (payable in respect of any taxable supply) is extra. It has to be paid by the buyer to the Company when the price and other moneys are payable(http://www. universitypaton.com.au/pdfs/tandc.pdf, retrieved 17 September 2009). the securing and/or shipment or delivery of the goods to the buyer is forestalled or held up by any reason outside our control the delivery and/or shipment shall be extended accordingly(http://www. universitypaton.com.au/pdfs/tandc.pdf, retrieved 17 September 2009). Since the Company is not the producer of the goods it does not give any guarantee with regard to the quality and does not accept any liability in respect of any blemish in or failure of the goods supplied. The purchaser assumes the guarantee of the manufacture which is the only guarantee given to the buyer in respect of the goods. The Company accords to allocate to the buyer on demand the advantage of any warranty or right to the goods that the manufacturer has contracted to the Company(http://www. universitypaton.com.au/pdfs/tandc.pdf, retrieved 17 September 2009). References: http://www. universitypaton.com.au/pdfs/tandc.pdf, retrieved 17 September 2009. http://www.advancedfit.com.au/page/terms_conditions.html retrieved 17 Sept

Theory Analysis Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Theory Analysis - Assignment Example What is the underlying epistemological paradigm of this theory? (All theories have an epistemological foundation. We have covered the following epistemological paradigms: logical positivism, post-positivism, realism, postmodernism, interpretivism/social constructivism, critical theory, feminist theory.) The underlying epistemological paradigm of the incentive theory of motivation is behaviorism, particularly, purposive behaviorism. Behaviorism, otherwise known as the behavioral learning theory, explain observed and/or measured behaviors as an outcome of an external event, which means that â€Å"a human being will learn to behave in a certain manner because he or she has discovered that something desirable or punishing may occur after a desirable or punishing behavior takes place† (Nath & Cmajdalka, 2011, p. 141). In 1932, Tolman (as cited in Fiske, 2008) developed â€Å"a purposive behaviorism, conceiving of incentives as the quantity and quality of a reward† (p. 10). Why do you think this is the epistemological paradigm underlying your theory? (This is where you will link the ontological, axiological, and methodological assumptions of the epistemological paradigm to the tenets of the theory. You will need to review the tenets of your selected theory and review the assumptions of the epistemological paradigm.) 2. An axiological assumption has something to do with non-moral sources of value (McDonald, 2008). Behaviorism is divided in this aspect. Some theorists believe that behaviorism does not entertain any assumption with respect to value judgment (Harcum, 1996). However, Dewey (as cited in Boydston, 1989) believes otherwise. 1. Objectivism assumes that the symbols people used during such cognitive activities such as thinking and talking derives meaning by virtue of their capacity to stand for objects, people, properties, as well as the associations between them as their existence is real. In simpler terms, objectivism views the world as a set of objects

Natural Disasters Essay Example for Free

Natural Disasters Essay There is certain order in the world. The planets move in their orbit around the sun. The disasters which occur naturally are known as natural disasters. There are infinite natural disasters. Some of them are landslides, floods and volcanic eruptions. By taking the example of planets orbiting around the sun, the question rises that how do these devastating disasters occur? Floods occur in those areas which are closer to seas. Due to heavy rain, the sea water increases and spills out over the area with speed and destroying everything. Flash floods are another example of floods which occur suddenly. All the land and fertile soil is destroyed. Landslides occur in mountains. They occur by a number of reasons in which earthquake is the main reason. It causes the mountainous slopes to weaken the saturated soil which run down the hill and kills every thing in the way. It blocks the way for people to travel. Volcanoes are fractured structured located on the crust which fall within the mass of the definition of planet. The earth allows hot lava to escape from the magma which is below the surface. This occurs when the earths crust breaks in some major parts. Erupting volcanoes cause many hazards such as volcanic ash, which is a threat to aircraft, mainly in jet engines where ash particles are melted due to high temperature. This destroys the turbine blades. After a lot of research it is still not known how volcanic eruption can be prevented. Researchers have stopped looking for prevention of volcanic eruptions.Mans defences are too weak in comparison to nature. It is often expected that natural disasters are natures way of keeping human population in check. Are any of these disasters caused by man Man is not the cause of volacanic eruptions, but he plays a role in weather related disasters as floods. Everyone knows that weather is being affected by clearing of forests on earth. This is within our control. Hence some disasters can be controlled. All we have to do is to hope for a day to come when we could control all  natural disasters. Till then we have to remain at the mercy of nature.

Spastic Diplegic Cerebral Palsy Health And Social Care Essay

Spastic Diplegic Cerebral Palsy Health And Social Care Essay Cerebral Palsy is a common neuro developmental disorder of childhood with prevalence is about 2 per 1000 births in industrial nations [Pameth et al, 1981] and 3 per 100 live births WHO 1999] It is defined as a permanent, non progressive defect or lesion present at birth or shortly thereafter. Cerebral refers to brain and palsy refers to lack of motor control. The childs co ordination of movement is affected, making it difficult or impossible to practice and perfect skills of daily life. Traditionally prenatal etiology, prematurity, total growth retardation, perinatal asphyxia and other perinatal causes like trauma have all been implicated as risk factors for cerebral palsy. (National collaborative perinatal project NCPP data). Cerebral Palsy (CP) is classified clinically in terms of the part of the body involved,eg., hemiplegia, diplegia, quadraplegia and by the clinical perceptions of tone and involuntary movement., eg., Spasti , athetoid , ataxic [ Roberta B.Shepherd 1995] 1.2 SPASTIC DIPLEGIC CEREBRAL PALSY Spasticity affects approximately 75% of all patients with cerebral palsy and when characterized by body part. Diplegia is the most commonest type. These disorders are due to faulty development damage or to motor area in the brain which disrupt the brains ability to adequately control movement and posture. Tends to affect the legs of a patient more than the arms.Spastic Diplegia cerebral palsy patients have more extremity than the upper extremity.This allows most people with spastic diplegia cerebral palsy to eventually walk. The gait of a person with spastic Diplegia cerebral palsy is typically characterized by a crouched gait. Toe walking and fixed knees are common attributes. Spasticity is a motor disorder characterized by a velocity dependent increase in tonic stretch reflexes (muscle tone) with exaggerated tendon jerks , resulting from hyper excitability of the stretch reflex [ Lance 1980]. Contracture is a loss of passive range of motion assessed by measuring maximum passive joint excursion [Horsley et al 2007, Harvey et al 2006]. Spasticity can lead to contracture [Farmer and James 2001, Tardien et al 1982] and both spastcicty and contracture can limit activity [Boyd and Ada 2008, Hoffler et al 1987]. Two approaches used for the treatment of children with physical disabilities are advanced physiotherapy treatment called Neuro developmental therapy (NDT) and muscle energy technique (MET). The aim of Neuro development therapy is through specialized techniques of handling, to give children with cerebral palsy the experience of a greater variety of co ordinated movement patterns where as muscle energy technique functions by relaxing acute muscle spasm mobilizing the restricted soft tissue and toning the weakened musculatures. 1.3 NEED OF THE STUDY: Since spasticity in the muscles affects the functional gait pattern and decreases the childs ambulatory independency, therefore the need for the study is to evaluate the effectiveness of neuro developmental therapy with muscle energy technique for lower extremity to improve functional ability in children with spastic diplegic cerebral palsy. 1.4 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM: Effectiveness of Neuro Developmental Therapy with muscle energy technique for lower extremity to improve the functional ability in children with spastic diplegic cerebral palsy. 1.5 OBJECTIVE: Treatment of children using neuro developmental therapy Treatment of children using muscle energy technique. Compare and contrast Neuro Developmental Therapy in relation to muscle energy Technique. To determine the effects of Neuro Developmental Therapy and muscle energy technique that improves the functional ability in children with spastic diplegic cerebral palsy. 1.6 HYPOTHESIS: The null hypothesis upon which the study is designed can be stated as there is no significant improvement in functional ability in children with spastic diplegic cerebral palsy by the application of NDT MET. 2. REVIEW OF LITERATURE Rosenbaum palsy[2003]-Defines cerebral palsy as an umbrella term covering a group of non progressive, but after changing motor impairment syndromes secondary to lesions or anomalies of the brain arising in the early stages of development. He is saying that cerebral palsy refers to a group of disabilities that will not self correct, which affects children while very strong and that disrupt the childs movement ability in connection with brain function. Baxm,Goldstein,et al.,(2005) defined cerebral palsy as a group of disorders that affect the development of movement and posture, causing activity limitation, and are attributed to non progressive disturbances that occurred in the developing fetal or infant born. Becker Jg-stated that spastic paresis is characterized by a posture-and movement dependent tone regulation disorder. The clinical symptoms are the loss or absence of tone in lying, and increases in tone in sitting, standing, walking, or running, depending on the degree of involvement, spastic paresis is the most common motor disorder (83%). Janstephan Tecklin (2008)-stated that the child with classic spastic diplegia will typically demonstrate hypotonia through the neck and trunk while having increased stiffness in both legs. Bernard Dan (2001)-stated that spastic diplegia characterized by limb hypertonia, which is more marked distally, predominates the lower limbs and increases active mobilization, hyperactive jerks, extensor plantar responses and varying degree of trunk hypotonia. Felters-1(Phy Therapy 1996)-Did a study on the effects of Neuro Developmental Therapy versus practice on reaching of children with spastic cerebral palsy. It was found that NDT was more effective Iddav Embrey Et Al [1990] Conducted a study on effects of neuro -developmental treatment and inhibitive ankle height orthroses on gait with spastic diplegic children with cerebral palsy . The results shows that both methods of treatment can be used to decrease excessive knee flexion during gait in a children with spastic diplegic cerebral palsy. Lilly La Powell NJ -Conducted a study regarding measuring the effects of neuro developmental treatment on the daily living skills of two children with cerebral palsy. They examined the short term effects of Neuro Developmental Treatment (NDT) was found that improvements were made in the motor performance of daily living skills in two girls with cerebral palsy. Bobath Therapy is a physical technique, principally used with cerebral palsy to inhibit abnormal movement or postures and promote effective normalized movement and muscle tone [Early physiotherapy or Bobath technique in infants with suspected neuro motor disturbance 1981]. Ketelarr m, et al., Did a study on the effects of functional therapy programe on motor abilities of children with cerebral palsy. They found improvement in both gross motor abilities and functional skills in children who received functional physical therapy programe.(physical therapy 2001). Nikos Tsorlakis Et al [2004] -Conducted a study on effect of Neuro Developmental Treatment on gross motor function of children with cerebral palsy. They found that improvement were made in the gross motor abilities in children who received Neuro Developmental Therapy. Kostidis, Michaei [2009] -The purpose of this study was to compare the effect of Muscle Energy Technique (MET), to a static stretch of 30 seconds duration for increasing the extensibility of the hamstring muscles. The result showed that MET was more effective, compared to static stretching. Mohd.Waseem et al [2009]-The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of Muscle Energy Technique [MET] on hamstring flexibility in normal INDIAN collegiate males. The result indicates that MET is significantly improving the hamstring flexibility [range of motion] in collegiate males. Kmberly Bucham [2007] -In that study to investigate the effectiveness of MET in increasing passive knee extension. Results showed that a significant increase in range of motion was observed at the knee flexion a application of MET. Wilson E, Donegam Shoafl, et al., [2003]-Conducted a study on effects of MET in patients with acute low back pain. The results showed that MET was effective in decreasing disability and improving function in patients with acute low back pain. Ballantyne, Fryer G, et al., [2003]-The study was conducted to investigate the effectiveness of Muscle Energy Technique in increasing passive knee extension and to explore the mechanism behind any observed change. Muscle Energy Technique produced an immediate increase in passive knee extension. This observed change in range of motion is passive due to an increased tolerance to stretch. Ching Shag Anita,et al., [2004]-The study was conducted to compare the immediate effects and lasting effects between passive stretch and Muscle Energy Technique on Hamstring Muscle Extensibility. The result suggested that Muscle Energy Technique appeared to be more effective than passive stretching for increasing Hamstring Extensibility immediately post treatment and still at one hour. Msalle me et al-WEE FIM is a valid measure for tracking disability in preschool age and middle childhood and this allows the paediatrician to prioritize interventions for enhancing comprehensive functional outcomes and supporting families. Yung a, wong v et al., WEE FIM could be used to assist neuro rehabilitation clinicians in the selection of short term realistic goals and long term rehabilitation strategies for children with various Neuro Developmental disabilities. Dr.Fayetteville,ms.smith et al.,- to determine the inter rater reliability of manual tests of elbow flexor muscle spasticity graded on a Modified Ashworth Scale was significant and the reliability was good and believe them to be positive enough to encourage further trials of the Modified Ashworth Scale for grading spasticity. 3. MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY The cerebral palsy children were selected on an initial baseline assessment and confirmation of their diagnosis. 3.1 SUBJECTS: Male and female cerebral palsy children between age group of four to fourteen years were taken. The children were primarily diagnosed and evaluated by a neurologist and a pediatrician and were referred to physical therapy. 3.2 ASSESSMENT TOOL USED: Modified Ashworth Scale Weefim Scale 3.3 MATERIALS USED: Floor Smooth non slippery Surface. A large firm exercise mat (minimum 4 or 6) with a maximum thickness of 1 for proprioception and tactile feedback. So the child has better sensory information regarding movement. Small interesting toys that can be touched with one or both hands for head control, reaching, eye fixation. Pillows. Therapy ball and Bolsters provides mobile surface and facilitate automatic reactions. Small wooden chair, Bench and couch of various heights for short sitting , table top activities , stepping , climbing and so on. A rail or parallel bars. Tilt boards and equilibrium boards for the child may lie, sit, kneel, stand or maintain a quadruped position, while being rocked in mediolateral or anteroposterior directions and to elicit rightening reactions. Adaptive equipment to offer postural support or may aid functional skills and mobility. Soft soothing music to motivate the child. Stop watch. 3.4 METHODOLOGY 3.4.1. STUDY DESIGN: This will be an experienced study with two groups having pretest and post test groups. 3.4.2. STUDY SETTING: This study was done in Families for children podanur, Amrit orthopedics rehablitation centre, Coimbatore and in patients who were referred for physical therapy from department of pediatrics and neurology, SRI RAMAKRISHNA HOSPITAL, COIMBATORE. 3.4.3. TOTAL STUDY DURATION: 6 Months. 3.4.4. TREATMENT TIME: 45 Minutes duration per day for three weeks. 3.5. SELECTION CRITERIA 3.5.1. INCLUSION CRITERIA: Children with mild to moderate spastic diplegic type of cerebral palsy. Ability to understand and respond to verbal instructions. Gross Motor Function Classification level and II and III. Cognitively Sound. Children within the age group of 4-14 years. Both male and female. 3.5.2. EXCLUSION CRITERIA: Gross Motor Function Classification level IV and V. Mental retardation. Uncontrolled Epilepsy. Children with Athetoid and Mixed type of cerebral palsy. Visual and hearing impairment. Respiratory distress. Congenital heart problems. Children with fixed skeletal or hip deformities. Difficulty to understand command. 3.6. SAMPLING: 20 Children were selected based on inclusion criteria. They were further divided into control and experimental group containing 10 children in each group based on convenient sampling. Control group ( Group A ) : Children receiving Neuro developmental therapy. Experimental group (Group B): Children receiving Neuro development therapy with Muscle Energy Technique. 3.7. STATISTICAL TOOL: The data collected was analyzed using independent t- test. The test was carried out between 2 groups. The pretest and post test values for 2 groups are to be calculated and will be assessed for variation and improvements their significance will be assessed. t = x1 x2 n1 n2 S ( n1 + n2 ) S = à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ ( x1 x1 ) 2 + ( x2 x2 ) 2 n1 + n2 2 where, S = Combined standard deviation x1 = Difference between Pre test and post test in Group  Ã¢â‚¬ ° x2 = Difference between Pre test and post test in Group  Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ ° x1 = Mean Difference of Group  Ã¢â‚¬ ° x2 = Mean Difference of Group  Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ ° n1 = Number of subjects in Group  Ã¢â‚¬ ° n2 = Number of subjects in Group  Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ ° 4. TREATMENT TECHNIQUES 4.1 NEURO DEVELOPMENTAL THERAPY (BOBATH THERAPY) Bobath concept is the most familiar and widely used approach for children with neurologic disorders. It is originated in 1940 and early 1950. PRINCIPLES: Patterns of movement Use of handling Prerequisites for movement NDT Treatment constructs a purposeful relationship between sensory input and motor output. Therapeutic handling is a primary intervention strategy that NDT therapists use to assist the client in achieving independent function. ABNORMAL TONE ABNORMAL POSTURE ABNORMAL MOVEMENTS REGISTRATION OF ABNORMAL MOVEMENTS REPETITION MEMORY EXECUTION OF ABNORMAL MOVEMENTS The primary difference that separates NDT clinical practice from all other approaches is the inclusion of precise therapeutic handling, which includes both inhibition as key interventions to achieve independent function. HANDLING Handling is facilitation or inhibition of posture and movement: Normal postural control Movement in ground and space Experiences of various postures Postural alignment to weight shifts Variety of movement patterns Direct, regulate and organize tactile, proprioceptive and vestibular input. Direct the clients initiation of movement more efficiently and with more effective muscle synergies. Decrease the amount of force the client uses to stabilize the body segments. Guide to redirect the direction, speed, force and timing of the muscle activation for successful task completion. Sense the response of the client to the sensory input and movement outcome and provide non verbal feedback for reference of correction. When the client can become independent of the therapist and take control of posture and movement. Direct the clients attention to meaningful aspects of the motor task. HAND PLACEMENT Place the hands purposefully and precisely on the clients body to specifically influence the area under the hands to indirectly influence the body parts. FACILITATION Facilitation makes a posture or movement easier or more likely to occur. Facilitation modifies postural control by increasing the degrees of freedom, supporting a body segment during an activity. Activating the postural system to produce a change in the alignment of the body relative to the gravity and BOS. INHIBITION Inhibition refers to restricting the clients atypical postures and movements which interferes with the development of more selective movement patterns. BOBATH APPROACH It referred to reducing tone and reflex activity resulting from CNS dysfunction. Inhibiting excessive co activation-dynamic stability for more effective postural control. Balance antagonistic muscle groups. Reduce spasticity or excessive muscle stiffness that interferes with moving specific segments of the body.(Facilitation and Inhibition techniques are used in combination) Treatment strategies often include preparation and stimulation of critical foundation elements (task components) as well as practice of the whole task. NDT intervention is designed to obtain active responses from the patient on goal activities. Whenever possible during treatment movement is indicated and actively performed by the client. NDT intervention includes planning and solving motor problems. NDT intervention allows the patient to learn from errors that occur during movement. Repetition is an important component during motor learning. Create an environment that is conductive to co operative participation and support of the clients effort. Knowledge of development of posture and movement components are used in designing treatment strategies. NDT therapy sessions provide motivation purpose to engage the client fully in developing and reinforcing movement responses. NDT intervention methods include modifying the task or the environment to take into account the clients current level of performance and capacity for function. As client is able to perform the movement independently, the therapist provides time during the sessions for the client to move freely. Individual treatment sessions are designed to evaluate the effectiveness of treatment within the session. Recognize and respect the communicative effects of the clients motor behavior. Families receive information regarding clients problems and management of those problems as they are able to understand and assimilate the information. 4.2 MUSCLE ENERGY TECHNIQUE Muscle Energy Technique is a procedure that involves voluntary contraction of the patients muscle in a precisely controlled manner at varying level of intensity, against a executed counterforce applied by the therapist. Muscle Energy Technique are used to treat somatic dysfunction, especially decreased range of motion, muscular hyper tonicity and pain. MECHANISM OF ACTION FOR MUSCLE ENERGY TECHNIQUES: Muscle Energy Technique is a direct,active technique requiring patients co-operation for maximal effect. The changes occurring when patient performs isometric conttaction are: Direct inhibition of agonist muscles results due to Golgi Tendon Organ activation. At antagonist muscles there occurs reflexive reciprocal inhibition. When Patient is relaxing agonist and antagonist remain inhibited. This allows the joint to be moved into the restricted range of motion. TECHNIQUES: Muscle Energy Techniques could be applied to most areas of the body. Each of the technique requires following 8 steps: Obtaining an accurate structural diagnosis. The restrictive barrier is engaged in many planes. The unyielding counterforce matches patients force with therapists force. The isometric contraction of patient has correct amount of force, direction of effort and duration (3-5 seconds). After muscle effort there is complete relaxation. The patient is repositioned in possible planes into new restrictive barrier. Repeat 3-6 steps approximately 3-5 times. 8. Repeat structural diagnosis to find whether dysfunction has resolved. DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION Cerebral palsy children were treated with Neuro Developmental Therapy and Muscle Energy Technique. Neuro Developmental Therapy was given for control group (Group A ) which consisted 10 samples and Neuro Developmental Therapy with Muscle Energy Technique (Group B ) which also consisted of 10 samples. DEMOGRAPHIC DATA: GROUP A (CONTROL GROUP) AGE NUMBER OF PATIENTS MALE FEMALE 4-5 years 0 0 5-6 years 0 0 6-7 years 2 0 7-8 years 2 0 8-10 years 1 0 10-12 years 2 1 12-14 years 1 1 GROUP B (EXPERIMENTAL GROUP) AGE NUMBER OF PATIENTS MALE FEMALE 4-5 Years 0 0 5-6 Years 0 0 6-7 Years 1 0 7-8 Years 1 0 8-10 Years 1 1 10-12 Years 1 2 12-14 Years 2 1 DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS WEEFIM Locomotion (Maximum score: s14) Group A (Control Group) S.No Pre Post Difference 1. 3 6 3 2. 5 10 5 3. 7 10 3 4. 3 7 4 5. 5 9 4 6. 7 10 3 7. 5 8 3 8. 3 6 3 9. 7 9 2 10. 5 7 2 MEAN 5.0 8.2 3.2 WEEFIM Locomotion (Maximum score: 14) Group -B (Experimental Group) S.No Pre Post Difference 1. 3 6 3 2. 7 11 4 3. 3 10 7 4. 5 9 4 5 3 12 8 6. 5 12 7 7. 4 7 3 8. 8 12 4 9. 3 7 4 10. 3 6 3 MEAN 4.4 9.2 4.7 WEEFIM GROUP MEAN VALUE CALCULATED T VALUE TABLE T VALUE PRE TEST PRO TEST SD A 5.0 8.2 0.918 2.25 0.05 B 4.4 9.2 1.888 MAS Group -A NDT (Control Group) S.No Pre Post Difference 1. 4 3 -1 2. 4 3 -1 3 4 1 -3 4. 4 2 -2 5. 4 3 -1 6. 3 1 -2 7 3 2 -1 8. 4 2 -2 9. 4 1 -3 10. 4 3 -1 MEAN 3.8 2.1 -1.7 MAS Group -B NDT + MET S.No Pre Post Difference 1. 4 1 -3 2. 4 1 -3 3. 4 1 -3 4 4 2 -2 5. 4 1 -3 6. 3 1 -2 7. 3 1 -2 8. 4 2 -2 9. 4 2 -2 10. 3 1 -2 MEAN 3.7 1.3 -2.4 MAS GROUP MEAN VALUE CALCULATED T VALUE TABLE T VALUE PRE TEST PRO TEST SD A 3.8 2.1 0.822 2.28 0.05 B 3.7 1.3 0.516 DISCUSSION The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of NDT and MET in reduction of spasticity in children with spastic diplegic type of cerebral palsy.30 children of age group between 4-14 years were selected for the experimental study. The study was carried out for a total duration of six months for a period of 45 minutes of treatment per day. The pre and post test scores of MAS and Wee FIM shows that significant improvements were found in reducing spasticity and ADL activities such as standing, walking, and stair climbing with less caregiver assistance. For MAS score, the average pre test and post test values of Group A and Group B showed significant difference. But the mean of Group A (1.7) shows more marked increase than that of Group B (2.4). On Statistical analysis using Independent t-test, for Group A and Group B, there is a significance of t=2.28 For Wee FIM score, the average pre test and post test valves in Group A and Group B showed significant difference. But the mean of Group A (3.2) shows more marked increase than that of Group B (4.7). On statistical analysis using Independent t-test, for Group A and Group B, there is a significance of t=2.25 From this we infer that NDT along with MET can be used as an efficient treatment protocol to reduce spasticity and to improve ADL activities in children with spastic diplegic cerebral palsy, thus rejecting the null hypothesis. CONCLUSION With reference to the statistical analysis done from the data collected for MAS and Wee FIM, it is noted that the combination of NDT with MET causes significant reduction in tone which produces improvement in ADL activities. However it is necessary to state that mere NDT also produces improvement in MAS and Wee FIM but the data reveals that mean improvement is greater for the group to which MET is given. These findings suggest that MET attenuates physical symptoms associated with cerebral palsy and enhances development. Hence forth it could be concluded with enough and proven confidence that NDT along with MET forms an integral part in the treatment of children with spastic diplegic cerebral palsy. LIMITATIONS: The study was a time bound study lacking large sample size. Selection of only one muscle cant fulfill the desire functional goal setup by therapist. Irregularities in attendance. Health problems. No regular follow-up of home advices. Difficulties of the communication. RECOMMENDATIONS: The technique of the study is not strict to one particular muscle or one specific condition, so it is applicable to various muscles in various conditions. Post Isometric Relaxation and Post Facilitation Stretching, which is a safetyorm of stretching is advice to use maximum in place of passive stretching of muscle. It is suggested for further research to conduct a combined therapy of NDT, MET with other Developmental Techniques for various muscle at a same time, so this will enhance to achieve goal which is setting for a particular child. This study may be useful to incorporate into further studies examining various muscles along with any development in multidisciplinary endorsed classification that are developed. BOOKS Leon Chaitow: Positional Release Techniques, 2002. Judith Delancy: Clinical application of Neuro muscular techniques, 2005. Leon chaitow: Muscle energy techniques. Janet.M,Howle: NDT approach theoretical foundations, 2002. Lisa A Kurtz: How to help a clumsy child, 2003. Freeman Miller,Erin Brown: cerebral palsy, 2005 Sophie Levit: Treatment of cerebral palsy and motor delay, 2010. Marcia Stame,MT: Posture and movement of the child with cerebral palsy. Jan Stephan Tecklin: Paediatric physical therapy 3rd edition, 1990. Gilroy J: Basic Neurology 2nd edition, 1992. Susan K Campbell: Physical Therapy for children, 1996. Roberta B Sheperd: Physiotherapy in Paediatrics 3rd edition, 1990. Rebecea Dutton: Clinical Reasoning in physical disabilities, 1995. Gupta SP: Text book of statistical methods 28th edition, 2000. Kothari CR: Text book of research methodology-methods and techniques, 2009. Carolyn M. Hicks: Research for physiotherapist 2nd edition, 1995. Sundar Roa, Richard J: An introduction to bio statistics 3rd edition, 1996. Acchors: Text book of paediatrics. Elizabeth Domholdt: Physical therapy research principles and application, 2000. ABSTRACTS Fryer et al: The effect of muscle energy technique on hamstring extensibility; Journal of osteopathic medicine, 2005. Shadmehr A: Hamstring flexibility in young women following passive stretch and muscle energy technique; J Back Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation, 2009. Milivoj Velickovic Perat; Basic principles of the Neuro developmental Treatment, 2004. Christina Evaggelina et al: Effect of intensive Neuro Developmental Treatment in gross motor function of children with cerebral palsy, Dev. Med. Child Neurology, 2004. Smith M, Fryer G:

polygamy in islam :: essays research papers

1. Definition of Polygamy Polygamy means a system of marriage whereby one person has more than one spouse. Polygamy can be of two types. One is polygyny where a man marries more than one woman, and the other is polyandry, where a woman marries more than one man. In Islam, limited polygyny is permitted; whereas polyandry is completely prohibited. Now coming to the original question, why is a man allowed to have more than one wife? 2. The Qur'an is the only religious scripture in the world that says,"marry only one". The Qur'an is the only religious book, on the face of this earth, that contains the phrase `marry only one'. There is no other religious book that instructs men to have only one wife. In none of the other religious scriptures, whether it be the Vedas, the Ramayan, the Mahabharat, the Geeta, the Talmud or the Bible does one find a restriction on the number of wives. According to these scriptures one can marry as many as one wishes. It was only later, that the Hindu priests and the Christian Church restricted the number of wives to one. Many Hindu religious personalities, according to their scriptures, had multiple wives. King Dashrat, the father of Rama, had more than one wife. Krishna had several wives. In earlier times, Christian men were permitted as many wives as they wished, since the Bible puts no restriction on the number of wives. It was only a few centuries ago that the Church restricted the number of wives to one. Polygyny is permitted in Judaism. According to Talmudic law, Abraham had three wives, and Solomon had hundreds of wives. The practice of polygyny continued till Rabbi Gershom ben Yehudah (960 C.E to 1030 C.E) issued an edict against it. The Jewish Sephardic communities living in Muslim countries continued the practice till as late as 1950, until an Act of the Chief Rabbinate of Israel extended the ban on marrying more than one wife. 3. Hindus are more polygynous than Muslims The report of the `Committee of The Status of Woman in Islam', published in 1975 mentions on page numbers 66 and 67 that the percentage of polygamous marriages between the years 1951 and 1961 was 5.06% among the Hindus and only 4.31% among the Muslims. According to Indian law only Muslim men are permitted to have more than one wife. It is illegal for any non-Muslim in India to have more than one wife.

International Failures Essays -- GCSE Business Marketing Coursework

International Failures Companies around the world are seeking to expand overseas, driven by many different reasons whether to lower labor costs, technological innovation or the almighty dollar. No matter what the reason, without the proper knowledge and financial funding the company will fail. There have been numerous companies that have experienced this first hand. If they would have noticed the warning signs they may have been able to salvage the company. Fast-food companies have been one of the fastest to globally expand. They also experience some of the hardest down falls. An often quoted example is the failure of Prague's first Pizza Hut which closed down because too many ingredients had to be imported in for the one existing restaurant. The added expense for importing ingredients made operating expenses too high. Fortunately, most fast-food chains are large enough to overcome closure to a couple stores. But what would happen if an entire country was rejecting the company. This is the problem that McDonald's is facing. McDonald's is one of most successful fast food chains with 29,000 stores in 119 countries and sales of 38.5 billion dollars. But now, with growth slowing worldwide, McDonald's will add just 1,400 new restaurants, the lowest numbers since 1994. International sales already represent 51% of the global sales. They arrived in Brazil in 1979; many of the franchisees had a strong business selling big macs. After many years of growth, from 175 restaurants in 1995 to 563 this year, Brazil is McDonald's eighth most important market worldwide(Smith 1). Their sales in Brazil went from 620 million Reais in 1995 to 1.3 billion last year. Until recently, the company was still planning to double its current number of restaurants here by 2003. Behind the lines of customers eager for a burger, the Brazilian franchisees are having a hard time financially. According to an estimate made by franchisees that are in judicial litigation against the fast food chain, around 80% of the 152 franchisees that own half of the stores in Brazil are having difficulty to make ends meet at the end of the month(McDonald's 1). Some decided to sell their business. Others decided to fight. The first main concern of the franchisees is the rapid growth of new stores. The expansion program that increased the fast food chain in the last two years is crea... ... can succeed globally if they know what they are doing and have the financial funding WORK CITIED AT&T, BT pull Concert plug. CNN Money. October 2001. http://money.cnn.com/2001/10/16/international/bt Capell, Kerry and Heidi Dawley. Commentary: How British Telecom blew it. Business Week Online. April 2001. http://www.businessweek.com Gomoloski, Barb. Going global: Some lessons from eToys and Yahoo that might help You. InfoWorld. February 2001. http://staging.infoworld.com McDonald's Problems in Brazil. 2000. http://mcdonalds-problems-in-brazil.com Monti, Joseph A. Taking the high road when going international. Business Horizons. July 2000. http://www.findarticles.com Smith, Tony. Brazil franchisees sue McDonald's. AP Business Writer. December 2001. http://www.washingtonpost.com Pappalardo, Denise. Sprints ION, AT&T-BT's Concert reach end of the line. Network World. October 2001. Weber, Joseph. AT&T-BT: A big Telecom deal up north. August 1999. Weintraub, Arlene. How eToys could have made it. Business Week Online. February 2001. http://businessweek.com Zwaig, Melvin and Michelle Pickett. Early warning signs. MSI Network. http://msi-network.com

How to Lose an Account

1. Things had gone well with this account overall. What, though, were the critical issues in determining the customer’s satisfaction that led to the loss of the customer? Was the problem simply a lack of satisfaction with the product? Using concepts from the chapter, describe how the customer’s value equation was influenced by the experiences both before the call and during the call. Companies in all industries and of all sizes understand that customers are perhaps their most valuable assets. Improving the overall customer experience is vital for continued success and survival, and always has been.In the words of many industry professionals, losing a customer is the absolute worst thing that could happen to our company. This mantra has always stood true, but when we're fighting with competitors for every dollar, customer retention is key. In our case we have a functional type of relationship between the customer and the company. â€Å"Functional relationships are long- term market exchanges characterized by behavioral loyalty – the buyer purchases the same product out of habit or routine. â€Å" (J. Tanner, p. 354) As we can see from our case the relationship between Mobile Connection and Health Resources of Texas (HRT) is continuing for 3 years.In the functional relationship customer satisfaction is very important because without it, behavioral loyalty cannot develop. Customer satisfaction is the degree to which a buyer is satisfied with a product, service or company. Companies are very interested in ensuring that customers are happy with the performance of a product or the quality of service because it will affect future purchase decisions. In fact, quality may be the most important of the customer satisfaction objectives because the consequences of a bad product or poorly performed service are virtually impossible to overcome.In our case the problem is not exactly with the product but with the service. The service is poor because Tony L agera, the service director, made promises that he had never fulfilled. He even didn’t pay too much attention to the customer’s request but the worst thing is that Tony was dishonest. In order to have a successful long-term relationship the most important thing is to have mutual trust. Because without trust ( partners can trust and depend on each other, resolve problems as they arise and settle differences between them when it necessary) unhappy customers will not stay loyal to the company nd will go out to our competitors. According to J. Tanner â€Å"trust is a belief by one party that the other party will fulfill its obligations in a relationship† (p. 362). When we earned the trust of the other party, our relationship is strong and we do not need to constantly monitor each other’s actions because both believe that other parties will act in a way that is best for both parties. But trust only is not enough, which is why it is a combination of five factor s: dependability, competence, customer orientation, honesty and likability.As we can see, Tony did not possess the honesty factor. When Sharon Collins raise the problems about the copiers, Tony was also aware of the problem but hadn’t processed the request to replace the copiers yet and he was told to say that the company was reviewing the problem and the problem would be solved in one way or another. The problem occurs when Sharon called the service director to explain the problem, Tony hemmed and hawed and avoided answering the question, and as a result he was being dishonest.Honesty is both truthfulness and sincerity and honesty is related to dependability and competence about the product and services that the company, in which the salesperson is working, provides. Here is the problem, Tony did not admit that he didn’t know what to answer and just avoided to answer to Sharon’s question directly. Customers can very easily determine when they are being laid and as a result dissolution occurs. The worst thing is that Tony didn’t realize that he performed poorly, he thought everything went well and he did great job.That is why he has to improve his skills and knowledge but unfortunately it is too late because the company had been rejected to be part of the bid. All of the things I said so far led to the loss of the customer based on his/her dissatisfaction. As far as it goes to the Customer Value Equation, I may say that it is influenced in a negative way especially after the call, I mean it has decreased. As we already know Value = Benefits minus Cost. Customer Value is equal to benefits (it includes functional and emotional benefit) minus the cost (the price of the product, time and effort needed to for purchase and psychic costs).Our CVL decreased because of the following reasons: first, the benefit decreased because the customer is dissatisfied with the services, therefor the emotional benefits went down; second, the cost (not th e price of the product) increased because it took more time and effort for Sharon to explain what the problem was and to wait for a proper answer for her request (when and how would the problem be fixed). Hence, the customer value decreased based on the things I have explained above. 2.Was there anything the sales rep or his boss, Robert Lawrence, could have done after the sales call to save the business? Everyone must be involved in customer satisfaction. All personnel have the capability, at some level, to influence customer satisfaction. Top management must communicate exactly how personnel will be expected to contribute because it's often not intuitively obvious how this is possible. Therefore, Robert should have not sat in a silence. He as a manager of Mobile Connection should act as a role model for all of other employees at the company.He should have intervened in the relationship between Sharon and Tony and should have done something to keep Sharon as a customer. Robert migh t have met with the customer face to face and have an open communication – discuss the problems and find the proper solution that will satisfy the needs and wants of the customer. As we know in the relational partnership all the communication between customer and the company goes through the salesperson (Tony), but when this doesn’t lead to the wanted results, the manager must insist on direct communication.It is better for the both parties and it is easier to keep the good partnership for longer period of time. 3. Not only were there no other problems during the previous three-year contract, but Mobile had originally won the business away from a competitors and significantly improve HRT’s situation. Why didn’t that enter into the picture? Sometimes one little thing may terminates the long-lasting relationship. In our case buyer’s dissatisfaction was the main reason to put an end to the existing relationship.The problem was that the Sharon’s expectation was not fulfilled and the reason was the bad services which led to customer dissatisfaction. The good customer service is essential for the success of the company and to its survival in this competitive market. Bad customer service occurs when a customer is not satisfied with his services. The customer will not feel like he has been treated fairly, listened to or that his concerns have been addressed by employees of a company as in our case. When customers are dissatisfied with a company’s customer service, it can have negative effects on the business.As such, business owners must identify and resolve bad customer service but this did not happen in our case because the manager just stayed silent and did nothing to fix the service director’s bad performance. Therefore, dissolution of this partnership occurred because of bed services. This could have been avoided if the company had provided better training and motivation for its employees in order to have a better performance and escape customer’s dissatisfaction. CITATION: 1. Tanner, John F. â€Å"Building Partnering Relationship. † Selling: Building Partnerships. 8th  ed. New York: McGraw-Hill/Irwin,  2007. 350-365. Print.

Development Finance

Financial development is the basis of every country development when ever we talk about the developing countries of the world. Every body must say their financial strength is one of the factors for their decreased development with out financial heath of the country. It is unable for any government to put forward the development plans which after words brings good results in the financial heath of the country.There are so many countries in the world to talk here Africa is one of them where the financial position is very low also some other countries like Sudan, Somalia, and many more who are just at the developing countries list. One of the main things in increasing the financial growth of any country is the economic growth through globalization of capital and the cross border trade. Trading with such countries and provision of foreign aid to such countries which are low in financial position in the view of USA government is the basis for their development that’s why today more work done for increasing the financial heath of the low developing countries.In the year 1980s and 1990s, it was noted that due to some reasons the financial development in many countries remains low because of the financial markets crisis. These crises were due to the changes in investments and due to the government crisis in those countries and the lack of international standard financial institutions hat are capable of attracting more investment opportunities from the foreign investors. For increasing the growth of economy, foreign investment in the country plays a major role.Due to the increase of foreign investment the export position increases or in other words low financial position is due to the low banking and financial standards in the country. Going to talk about the financial health of Africa as an example as every body knows the financial development of Africa is very low as compare to the developed countries of the world, but now the developed countries are playing a good role to develop such countries as Africa to put forward the development plans they have provided foreign aid to such countries in order to full fill the development plans and open the routes of trade.Third World Countries, Why they are in List of third World?Third world countries as the name says are those countries which are low in economic growth and the less developed countries of the world during the French revolution. The French demographer Alfred Sauvy named these countries as the third estate because these countries are in the list of those countries which are not of high technologies and less industrialized, like the other countries of the world. The reason behind is such lack of financial growth is the lack of funds.â€Å"The concept of the â€Å"Third World† developed after the Bandung Conference of Colored people in 1955; a conference greatly influenced by Communist China and after it began feuding with Russia (The Sino-Soviety Split). Its main idea was that a third power bloc had to be created that would be distinct from the capitalist, industrial world (First World) and the Communist, Industrial world (Second World). The French Economist Alfred Sauvy popularized the term â€Å"Third World† to refer to these countries. â€Å"Third World† was also used in the West to refer to countries receiving foreign aid†.The third world countries are low developed countries in the world because of: ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   There low gross national product, ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Poverty reasons, ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In terms of human development, ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In terms of press freedom, ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The lack of financial institutions, ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Industrialization, ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Technology, ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Lack of foreign investments.List of third world countries includes many coun tries in which large number of countries belongs to the continent Africa ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Malawi Eastern Africa ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Somalia Eastern Africa ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Congo Middle Africa ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Liberia Western Africa ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Nigeria Western Africa ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Ethiopia Eastern Africa ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Zambia Eastern Africa ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Afghanistan Central Asia ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Eritrea Eastern AfricaBecause of the low financial development issue basically regarding to the countries of Africa, which are east west and in middle Africa so it is important to talk about the country in Africa.Somalia †¦Country in Eastern AfricaSomalia which is situated in the eastern part of Africa a country which is not to be own by the basis of government as which is in the other developed countries of t he world. The country’s borders are also to those which are also included in the less developed countries of the world, the development related to the financial growth of the country is so low as it has been seen that there were fight existed for many years in the country which didn’t brought any government and made the country low in every financial step.Because of no government and management powers the country has not the idea of trade finance government rules institutions for investments and so on. The country has been the living place for many ethnic group in past but the large number of people n the country were not belong to Somalia French British and Italians were also came to Somalia in the 19th century.However it is to say that the 1880s period for Somalia was taken as the good period for development. After the entrance of Italians and British people there the claims on the land started in this regard first claim was given by the British as the British Somali a land in 1886. After words the other part of the land in southern area claimed by the Italians as the Italian Somalia land after the second world war the British Somalia land become independent and again the proclamation was given in the 26th June 1960. After words there were many claims on the country's land had been taken place which from the very starting put Somalia’s development at the back.After the whole fighting about different claims by many countries on Somalia and the internal war a regional government was formed there this was not in strong financial condition an earth quake, which arose in the Indian Ocean and followed Somalia too. This was the natural disaster of 2004 and due to tsunami large numbers of people namely 300 were killed and many of the villages were destroyed. In the year 2006 the civil war begins in Somalia, which has stopped the large number of development in the country.Somalia became the victim of earth quakes and different diseases like aids a nd hunger in times of civil war and child mortality are the reasons which left the country too far away from the developed countries of the world. Because of these so many reasons the financial health of the country is still not in the position to define however the developed countries of the world are playing great role in increasing the financial development in the country, but the think lacking is the natural aid also they have lack of so many resources to develop the country.Financial Development in SomaliaDue to war and hunger problems it is hard for any one to note down the financial growth o f the economy in 2005 the GDP growth was 2.4% in Somalia which was estimated by CIA. Main exports items belong to live stocks, which are bananas sugar maize fish and sorghum and the small industry of Somalia based on the agricultural products.Private Sector Development in SomaliaThe private sector development in Somalia is so hard to explain it was so worse in past but now it is to say th at it is getting developed day by day. The private sector development includes business policies, the financial sector policies and institutional policies, but the thing which is required is the skilled people who are able to put forward such development policies and convert them in the basic development of the country. The basic idea of private sector is to develop the relationship of the country with other countries of the world. It includes:l   The relationship development good relations with the neighbor countries in order to increase the export import conditions.l   Attracting the foreign investors to make investments in huge amounts to the country which will ultimately results in the development of the countryl   The association formed which is the Somali foundation services association the private sector includes the responsibilities to increase the development of this association in order to increase the business issues and development of business plans with the other business companies out side the country also.Development of Banking Sectorl   The private sector is working to form a firm which is capable of doing the work of central bank development the development of central banking in the country policies of the bank guidelines the rules and regulations of the bank the provision of funds and bills for the   allocation o small businesses there advancement and the increase of organizational structure of central bank dealing with the problems  Ã‚  Ã‚   of financial and accounting controls the private sector is monitoring the role of central bank by the appointed firm.l   Because of fisheries livestock’s are the basic items of export so the private sector is getting developed to increase the development of these sectors in order to make bounce in exports and the financial health of the country.l   The private sector is now developing such institutions under the government provision of funds for the training of students in the mana gement business finance accounting scientific official works administration works engineering works and medical too. This includes the development of women too, including the women trainees in order to enhance the development of the country every body should play a role otherwise the development would not be with high sense so the development of women in the country is also necessary for the development of the country.l   The private sector is working for the development of the central bank of Somalia and the financial sector too. Training and orientation programs for the workers through which increase and encourage the idea of increasing the financial growth of the small and large business which in future results in the development of economy an financial development of the country.So it is to say that the private sector development is going on in the country but not with high sense because of lack of capital and other resources the country is developing low but it is expected th at the private sector will be strong in future to perform more and big operations.Somali Institutional and Capacity Development ProjectThis is the project which is based on the institutional development of Somalia. The lack of institutional and organizational development leads the country with low growth of the financial sector the association is formed for facing the challenges of low institutional developments to raise funds for such institution and increase the organizational structure in the country. The project is made to develop the Somalis human resource management program for this reason the project is made to develop the management training programs for the increase of human development and the increase of administration skills in the human.In 2006 this project SICAD has achieved many goals related to the institutional development, which were the primary objectives, and the help of this project achieved these in a very smaller period. The increase and advancement of public private relationship this project team is working with the university of Hargesia the project is also working as the team which is capable of evaluating the skills among public and the motivational government health programs in order to make public aware of every disease its danger for health and the cure this working is based on the control of HIV AIDS in Africa.â€Å"The PRSL Program has a two-pronged approach to working towards the reduction of poverty – more upstream, at advocacy for MDGs and poverty analysis/monitoring and, more downstream, at community driven recovery. Human Rights, Peace-Building, Gender, HIV/AIDS are addressed as cross-cutting issues†. (Poverty Reduction and Sustainable Livelihoods(PRSL))African Development InstituteThe African development bank is performing the function as an institute to enhance the training program among the general public the capacity development which includes the development of organization institution the society develop ment in order to increase the role of general public in the making of financial condition better for this reason the bank is performing the function of there is agreement that macroeconomic stability is critical for the growth of financial sector services. â€Å"Countries should adopt appropriate macroeconomic policies, encourage competition within the financial sector, and develop a strong and transparent institutional and legal framework for financial sector activities. In particular, there is a need for prudential regulations and supervision, strong creditor rights, and contract enforcement†. (Financial Development in the Middle East and North Africa)It is to say that the financial sector development is responsible for the development of economy as a whole those changes which are not in the control of any one only the financial sectors brings such changes for the better health of the economy with out such developments it is hard to say that the economy is developed and if the economy is underdeveloped it means the country financial sector is underdeveloped it is not so strong to perform the functions as the financial sector of developed countries of the   world. This development for African countries is also very essential like in Somalia because of so many crisis the country's economy development rate is so low as compared to the other countries of the world.Banking Sector Development in SomaliaAs the position of economy in the past years was so worse so one cannot easily judge the banking sector development in Somalia it needs the full concentration on the history of the performance of Somalia national bank which performed the functions of commercial banking system in the past. After the mergers and financial development the Somalia banking sector divided in to two major categories named Somali commercial banks and the Somali savings and credit banks. After this division the Somali national bank controlled its workings to the functions of central bank only.In the view of international monetary funds, these are the basic things fore the financial sector growth and development. ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Monetary sector ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Regulation of policies ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Non-banking financial sector policies ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Development of institutions ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   GDP and GNP measurement tools.What of the role of the international institutions? Here again, views varied from those who urged the World Bank Group to stay out of Somalia to those who were desperate for aid agencies to come in. Some believed that Somalia needed concessional loans, others that Somalia should never take out a loan againThe lack of private sector development in Somalia is due to the lack of security and law enforcement agencies. There the fights and political instabilities brings so many problems for the banking sector to develop also as the banking sector o f every country requires the full concentration on the development of institutions and public awareness programs, but Somalia is lacking in such capabilities the parties conflicts and other conflicts makes the banking sector so weak as the foreign investment is unpleasant in this sector.The financial institution today requires the large number of financial security from the government and the security for foreign investments. These are lacking in Somalia so no body wants to invest there whose currency rates are low and the economy is less developed. In the view of many peoples the government should work to encourage the development of those sectors, which are associated to public also.How to Improve Development Strategies?The thing which wants a complete discussion here is not that how Somalia developed how it survives within the developed countries but the thing is this which one is lacking which thing is important for the development of the country and which is not, which sector o f the country needs high development and which sector wants low. The answer to all these questions are in the hands of policy makers in the hands of developed countries of the world, like what has to be done by the united nations for the achievement of development in Somalia?Somalia is no longer included in the annual United Nations Development Program (UNDP) Human Development Report world ranking. If it were to be included, according to a special report on Somalia, it would sit firmly at the bottom in 175th position, below war-afflicted Sierra Leone: ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Peace and security, ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The stoppages of arm forces to take part in Somalia affairs, ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The capacity enhancement, ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Development of public sector, ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Need of foreign aid to develop Somalia training institutions, ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Food assistance and othe r aid programs from international community, ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The development of live stock sector, ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Illegal activities control.These were some of the main things, which need full concentration from the international world to look at. These issues required the attention of developed countries of the world in order to develop Somalia. for any country’s private sector development it is necessary to bring the public sector development for the advancement of economy if one or more then one sector is lacking in development the country’s economy remains at lower position and the country’s financial sector also not developed.Socio Economic Development of SomaliaUnited Nations development program to cover the economic policy to develop the economy in this context in the year 2002 World Bank and UNDPS combine’s efforts brings the socio economic survey which is taken from each house hold living in the country. T his data which is on the socio economic development of the country is based on the analysis of most of the economy gaps and the need of resources through of the country. The view of making such efforts were to brought forward the financial and investment institution for the socio economic development and the improvement of employment housing and demographic factors.It includes the things like the participation of women’s in the development of the economy and the role of institutions to increase the training and attraction of foreign investors towards this less developed economy. World Bank monitors whole of the function of collection of data regarding the economy of the country this report brings large number of those things, which are not to be brought up with the help of any other association.The Socio-Economic Survey 2002 is the first in a series of joint World Bank / UNDP statistical reports. The data collection and statistical capacity building will be further strengthen ed under the joint World Bank / UNDP re – engagement strategy for Somalia, with the collaboration of other development partners.These efforts put forward the efforts of women to the Somalia economy that is their participation in different public and private institutions like many women take part in police forces. The United Nations development program was based on the Somalia economy but also on the development of general public there and their participation in every financial and non-financial sector of the economy.Somali Financial Services AssociationThe Somali financial services association was formed in December 2003 in London. This conference was held for evaluating the problems regarding every sector of Somalia economy; the conference was attended by the developed countries leaders who then launched the Somalia financial association. The conference discussed the micro and macro faces of the economy. This association worked to support the industrial development in the ec onomy and the needs of setup anywhere in the economy and worked as a team in foreign countries to bring forward the industrialization and investment of the economy. This association also serves as the regulatory body in the absence of government in Somalia.Foreign Aid and SomaliaDue to the loss of large development programs in the past whose main reasons were the failure of development due to the internal fighting in the country that made Somalia the less developed country. In the day of 1970s to 1990s Somalia had passed up the years of hunger which was up to that extent that no body could think of living in Somalia the problem of hunger aroused in the economy.Due to internal crisis and these crises were spread up to that limit in which many children’s and women’s were killed due to the lack of food support, many disease broke up in the country aids HIV hyper Titus, the people were not had such programs then or the resources to protect themselves from these problems. A fter that worse condition out side world provides the financial assistance in the form of foreign aid to this country, this foreign aid was given by the developed countries of the world aim was to protect the life of people there.Large amount of foreign aid provided by the United Nations and the other developed economy, this foreign aid after the large efforts covered the food problem in Somalia but not that loss of lives and loss to the economy which occurred in those worse days. For this reason many foreign aid offices were established in African countries in Somalia Ethiopia and many other small countries the purpose of making such foreign aid offices were the provision of food and shelter for the people of Somalia.These are playing the role of emergency relief camps. in this role there are so many countries of the world who plays a very great role in the removal of hunger from Somalia these countries includes united kingdom united stats of America Pakistan Russia Germany and so many other countries of the world provided food and forces as the way of supply of food assistance. The German humanitarian agency called diakonie played an important role in the provision of aid to Somalia people they provided the aid of 100,000 Euro in order to get rid of food problem in Somalia. The United Nations refugee’s agency provided the 750,000 Euro to Somalia.Somalia Aid Coordination BodyIt is the Somalia aid coordination body that is formed by the United Nations agencies individuals who provided funds for the development and removal of hunger from Somalia and NGOs. In these donors the United Nations organization is one of the main donors of funds in order to get peace in Somalia. The funds were provided and still providing to Somalia for the rural development the development of country trade that is the country truly based on the live stocks and the agricultural products that’s why the United Nations efforts were comprises of the advancement of such program s through the supply of funds, which make the financial problem limited.After the several efforts made by different big countries of the world there were too much protection to the public was given and the problem of food was removed through the help of developed countries of the world. One of the major thing which is important for any country’s development is the investment so the united nations agencies work to provide the financial assistance in the form of increase in investment policies also. European Union played a very important role in making the financial position of Somalia and efforts to form the structure of the country like the other developing countries one the example of their effort is the city Berbera.In the year 2007 the European Union has given 4 million aids to Somalia for the removal of hunger and development programs. Also they have provided funds for the Ethiopia and Kenya, which are situated near the Somalia. Thus the aid was given to African countries by the European Union to improve their financial health.However as the financial growth of the country always gets better with the role of public in the country and the role of government Somalia was the country which didn’t had the proper governmental system in the past that’s why the country is still lacking in many things as the developed countries of the world there are no such developments in Somalia are made because of the lack of funds even if the European countries and other donor countries have provided a lot but the thing is country’s internal resource lacking which is due to the lack in industrialization and technology with these the training and education programs among public.Beside these foreign aid providence one more thing which was done by the anti parties in Somalia was the kidnapped of many soldiers from different countries of the world who were providing the assistance to public because of these problems many countries bring back their soldi ers from Somalia and their large number of soldiers were also found dead because of this behavior many countries aid stopped in Somalia however now the crisis have been controlled by the European agencies and the forces from other donor countries of the world.This is horrible news. We are so sad for the aid workers who are helping our people. We will do everything possible, even if it means using force, to release the hostages,† Punt land’s interior and security minister Mohamed Abdi told reporters.Concerns PolicyThe policy was made to resolve the issue of food and shelter among the public. this was the policy which made the emergency workings to get funds from the donor countries for the development programs which includes the provision of education health HIV and aids control livestock’s development food crisis in Nigeria dealing with the victims of south east Asia earth quakes tsunami this is the policy through which the evaluation and allocation of needs are located and the supply of assistance given to those sides in Africa.The policy explains the poverty effects on the economy and how it can be removed through making different development programs, which brings forward the financial development of the economy. The foreign aid to Somalia was provided from 1960s by the United Nations and still it is working. United Nations provided largest aid to Somalia but some of the Somalis think that the European Union countries have provided large number of aid to Ethiopia but not to Somalia.Aid Programs for SomalisThis aid program includes various policies and the formation of various agencies for the provision of food to Somalis the international agencies played great role in the provision of aid to Somalis. Somalia is the country which is without the government. The country has no central government system that’s why it is still in the position which it is in the past it is the country of crisis hunger diseases but why it is in this form ? Large countries of the world have made so many efforts to reduce the country’s conflicts but they are failed even the people don’t believe on one other the main reason is hunger they are facing lack of resources made them to fight for their survival.The government in Somalia after the formation was not so happy about the United Nations aid to Somalis. They think that they are not going to help Somalis and they are against Somalis. They want to indulge in the country’s affairs they think that large aids are given to the other countries and Somalia is still in the same condition as it is in the past.According to the view of Somalia prime minister he said that the United Nations and other European countries have lost their powers over Somalia during the last 15 years of its civil war. Most of the Somalis think that the governments of other countries are providing them the aid in their own interest they are interested in taking part in Somalia’s government and other affairs. Large number of aid controlled by the government agencies in Somalia and the us ambassador reported that the aid had been taken in to control by the government agencies and they wanted to stop the air ways through which the aid is supplied to the public.Financial Development and Foreign AidAfter so many crises there are some of the objectives which have been taken in to control by the European Union country’s regarding the Somalia development. However, the food crisis removal programs have taken many donations from the developed countries of the world that has broken the other financial development chain of the country. This breakage is due to their internal crisis, the changes in economy has been done but they are in very small amount as still the fight is not under control.The peoples are distributed among many parties and those parties are not in support of the other countries of Africa like Ethiopia Nigeria Kenya .the financial development program in So malia needs the assistance from the European union but due to their internal crisis now the European union countries are also not playing that role which they have played in the past, as the financial development needs the making of the financial institution and increase of investment opportunities but this is not possible with out the removal of internal crisis in the country because development always needs unity of ideas about growth of the economy.Problems Regarding Financial DevelopmentThe financial development in Somalia needs too many funds and donations from the outside countries. The developed countries of the world have made efforts to cover the problem but it still exists. Every country’s financial development needs some capital to grow up tin that less developed country like Somalia. There is the lack of industrialization and the new technology too so the development of any sector can easily take much of the time and donations to develop however there is lack of b asic needs too.These are those problems for which no one can go forward with out the solution of them. These problems are associated with the public and government institution the lack of necessities of life how can any country fulfill the need of the public there is only one thing possible the solution of the problem of public issues or the solution of the problem of government issues everything’s cannot be developed by any one at the same time because for any country the financial development needs.Peace and Prosperity, Security, Government StabilityThe country’s development must go forward with such things if these are not present in the economy. It means the development of the economy remains low and the economy remains in the same position as it was in the past development of countries should bring g by the people of country with the cooperation of government with the provision of ways to develop, but unfortunately the less developed countries specially in Africa are the poor countries there people are not in the position to fulfill the desires as they want they live from hand to mouth.Trade FacilitiesExport and import are the main part of every economy like the other developed countries of the world, which have much export and import in order to go forward. The countries are dependent on their own resources and the developed countries have made so many products from those resources. First thing is this like Somalia and many other poor countries they don’t have such facilities like the foreign investment in the country. The dependency on internal resources as the Somalia export dependent on their agricultural products but they are lacking the skilled force to compete the entire world education is one more problem which is the biggest hurdle in the way of development. To every country’s development knowledge and skills are necessary for development these skills are evaluated from the country’s people.Social Problems in So maliaSomalia is the country which has faced many problems in the past. They don’t have much capital to develop any sector of the economy they are lacking of work force skills and new technology why they don’t have such facilities? Answer is the lack of social security and social development country always develop through society development but these things are not present in the less developed countries the societies are not developed in that sense as the highly developed countries people are.The people of Somalia are as backward as compare to the developed countries of the world and they don’t have enough money to full fill their desires because for m ant y years they lived in hunger and fight they do not know to survive in the open world. They have such problems like health education and security for these reasons they have been suffered from the problems of diseases like HIV and Aids after that the European Union have provided them much donations to cut off these problems.Economic Growth of CountryThis is the essential part, which is placed after the development of society and the development of minds of the people increase in their skills knowledge about different subjects and devotion to work this development of the country needs the development of:Private sector, The banking sector development, Infrastructure of the country, Transport, Industries, Investment opportunities, Credit institutions, Law enforcement, Social programs, Job opportunities. Development Projects in SomaliaAfter the problems from many years now with the help of European countries Somalia is capable of making some projects and government is doing some efforts to fulfill these projects these includes:Development of FarmsFor this reason a project is made by the Somalia government with the help of foreign governments. The development of farming in the country as the whole export lies on the agricultural products of the country.Education ProjectFor improving the socia l health of the country’s people government is now making the project, which is based on the education of public this project t is suggested for Togdheer region of the country.Put Land ProjectBeside the problems of education health is also the other issue of Somalia people so the efforts have been done to remove such problem for this reason government has made the Put Land project which includes the development of infrastructure and the solution of health issues like the provision of clean water to the people and sanitary conditions to protect them from diseases.Business Sector DevelopmentIn the north west of Somalia a project has been made to fulfill the business sector demands like the development of small industry in the country and the development of banking sector too.Health ProjectsAs the Somalia people have been suffered from various diseases in the past, which were the killer disease so efforts have been made in order to solve the health solution of the public. This p roject is based on the development of health of peoples there a project has been launched for Togdheer and Awdal.Contribution OF W.H.OThe world health organization is making much effort to compete the health issues in the country. It includes the development of people by providing them the awareness about different diseases and their symptoms cure and other related issues. The European Union countries in the past years have made so many efforts in order to reduce the health problems from the country and they are successful to some extent. Now the programs have been introduced for the polio HIV and aids awareness among people.â€Å"Civil war, external intervention, clan conflict and poverty have combined to turn Somalia into a â€Å"failed state.† Somalia has no central government. Three principal factions (none of which is recognized by the United States as Somalia’s legitimate government) hold sway in separate parts of the country. In addition, numerous warlords cont inue to vie for dominance at the local level. Hundreds of thousands of Somalis live as refugees in neighboring countries, and many others are internally displaced. The economy is underdeveloped, with drought seriously affecting the country’s pastoral and agricultural base†. (Weak States and Terrorism in Africa: U.S. Policy Options in Somalia)United States Policy toward SomaliaThe United States have played a great role in the removal of many major problems from the Somalia country but still there are some major issues exist there. These made United States to set some priorities and goals to cover the major problems regarding financial development there. Now United Sates have made three goals to develop Somalia which are as under:Removal of Terrorism in SomaliaMain reason for the economic backwardness is the terrorism there for these reasons no foreign investments have been made there now the united states are making efforts through the help of forces of different develop countries to promote the development by removing the terrorism there by which the country’s private sector should be develop.Government StabilityThe formation of government is main thing for every country development as Somalia has been  Ã‚   faced the problem of no central government in the past now the United States and other European states are making the plan to fulfill the goal of government stability and peace in Somalia.Challenge to Face Internal CrisisThe United States plans include a major goal that is to face the internal fights and crisis of the country and develop the country from high sense to make control over and such internal crisis which are the hurdles in the way of economic development of the country.ConclusionThus from the past this is the country which have faced so many crisis and is still facing but these crisis put the Somalia talking in front of the developed countries of the world who have made a tremendous role for covering the problems there. Ho wever, still so many problems exist there but no one can make any thing better if the people living there are not be the support from the donor country. However the United Nations and other agencies from developed countries of the world have provided their forces and much foreign aid to develop the country.There are so many plans and projects made for the development but these all are under construction, not fill up. However it is to say that these plans will be fulfill too nearer in the future but the main problem which is present in the way of development is the misunderstandings among the general public government and the donor countries, for many years Somalia has faced too much problem of hunger so they are not in a position to develop their country with out developing them selves. Chairman Feingold who is the member of US peace committee said:â€Å"Somalia did not become a â€Å"failed state† in a day. Similarly, solving the governance problems that make Somalia an att ractive potential home for terrorists will not happen overnight. We have made a start. I am cautiously optimistic that the United States, Somalia’s neighbors and the international community can make a significant contribution to helping the Somali people regain functional government, and that the conditions that make Somalia attractive to terrorists can be overcome†. (Weak States and Terrorism in Africa: U.S. Policy Options in Somalia)Works CitedArabDataNet.com: Country Guide: Somalia: Snapshothttp://www.arabdatanet.com/country/profiles/profile.asp?CtryName=Somalia&CtryAbrv=so&NavTitle=Foreign%20Investment Accessed, May 12, 2007Financial Development in the Middle East and North Africahttp://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/med/2003/eng/creane/index.htm Accessed, May 12, 2007Poverty Reduction and Sustainable Livelihoods (PRSL)http://www.so.undp.org/page.asp?id=668 Accessed, May 12, 2007Somali Institutional Developmenthttp://www.so.undp.org/page.asp?id=662 Accessed, May 12, 2 007SSRN-Banking Development in Somalia by Arnaldo Maurihttp://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=958442 Accessed, May 12, 2007Situation Reports: Somalia, UNDP Somalia Quarterly Update – Apr 2004http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/rwb.nsf/AllDocsByUNID/a5444022715893a785256e7e006d3720 Accessed, May 12, 2007Weak States and Terrorism in Africa: U.S. Policy Options in Somaliahttp://www.state.gov/p/af/rls/rm/7872.htm Accessed, May 12, 2007World Hunger Notes–The Road to Hell: The Ravaging Effects of Foreign Aid International Charity by Michael Marenhttp://www.worldhunger.org/articles/books/maren.htm Accessed, May 12, 2007